The Durbar Incident

Here I apply a theory of ‘political displacement’ to the study of an incident that took place at King George V's investiture as ‘King-Emperor’ of India at the ‘Delhi Durbar’ on December 12, 1911. By ‘political displacement’ I mean the shifting of political attention from one domain to another, or from one idiom to another, where problems emergent but unresolvable in the first are dealt with by conversion into the second. My purposes are these: First, to describe the problem created by the incident when the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda, second in rank among the Indian Princes, ‘insulted’ the King-Emperor; second, to trace reactions, both British and Indian, to the series of events that followed; and third, to examine how the incident's conversion from one political idiom to another rendered it interpretable, thereby reducing confusion and permitting action.

Immunohistochemical staining on hydroxyethyl-methacrylate-embedded tissues.

Hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (GMA) embedding has recently been proposed for light microscopy studies. In the present investigation extracellular protein antigens were localized on GMA-embedded renal biopsy tissue. Conventionally frozen sections were compared with GMA sections from 55 renal specimens for the detection of extracellular protein antigens. Sections were directly stained with fluorescein- or peroxidase-conjugated antisera against immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM, C3, C1q, and fibrinogen. Results obtained using these two methods showed a 74-89% agreement, depending on the antigen under study. Some discrepancy between GMA and frozen sections was observed in three cases of renal amyloidosis and those cases presenting focal or trace reactions; the differences did not, however, influence the diagnosis. Prerequisites for antigen recovery on GMA sections were a) choice of fixative; b) abrupt dehydration of specimens; and c) treatment of sections with nonspecific protease. The improved localization and the lower background staining obtained led to easy and immediate detection of antigens on GMA sections despite the reduced antigenicity due to the embedding process.

SPREAD OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS VIRUSES IN NIAGARA PENINSULA ORCHARDS

In the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario necrotic ring spot (NRS) and sour cherry yellows (SCY) are the two principal virus diseases of sour cherry. Since 1951 most trees grown in this area have been propagated from virus-free budwood but about 4% of the rootstock used carries virus.A combination of symptoms known as ’shock’ is the usual reaction to infection with either virus. However, in some trees the first sign of infection is only an etch, which is usually considered to be a secondary symptom of NRS. In a few trees the primary symptoms are very mild trace reactions strongly suggestive of trees that have been infected for a long time. Indexing on peach seedlings is generally not a good indicator of current season infection. It is however very accurate in detecting virus in trees that have been infected for more than 1 year.The rate of virus spread in young orchards is dependent upon the age of the orchard, the proximity of older diseased trees, and the amount of disease within the orchard. Necrotic ring spot virus (NRSV) spreads very slowly in orchards under 4 years old but can spread very rapidly in orchards over 4 years old. Most rapid spread of NRS occurs after 20% of the trees in an orchard are infected. Sour cherry yellows virus on the other hand does not spread rapidly until after the 10th year. Both viruses can spread over a considerable distance, NRSV at least 800 yd and SCYV about 100 yd, but most infections of both occur within 50 ft of a known source. There is no indication that any plant other than sour cherry serves as a source of inoculum.