The Management of Very Small/Blister Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms

Blood blister aneuryms are uncommon lesions that have a poor natural history. Because there is no clear aneurysmal sac to treat they remain challenging lesions to manage whether the approach is endovascular or surgical. Although the management of intracranial cerebral aneurysms has changed subsequent to the results published by the ISAT trial, there still exist groups of aneurysms which do not lend themselves to endovascular management. There are recent reports of successful endovascular management using flow diverting approaches but experience is limited and relying on flow change may be insufficient to prevent re-rupture. Surgery when possible offers the advantage of immediate vessel wall reconstruction.

The apical structure in Perophora annectens (tunicate) spermatozoa: fine structure, differentiation and possible role in fertilization

The apical structure in Perophora annectens spermatozoa is approximately 4 micron in length and it is helically coiled. Its major component is a striated structure, which may be analogous to a perforatorium. The plasmalemma enclosing the anterior quarter of the apical structure is covered by extracellular materials, the anterior ornaments. During spermiogenesis, the apical structure is first recognized as a small blister of the plasmalemma at the apex of the young spermatid. It develops into a conical protrusion and then into a finger-like process (approximately 1 micron in length). This process is transformed into an elongated process (approximately 4 micron in length) with electron-dense material in its core. Finally, the elongated process is helically coiled to form an apical structure in which electron-dense material forms dense striations. Vesicles (50-70 nm in diameter), presumably derived from the Golgi apparatus, have been recognized in the blisters of younger spermatids, and can be followed through to the finger-like process. In the finger-like process these vesicles are transformed into smaller vesicles (20-30 nm in diameter), which probably fuse with the anterior plasmalemma of the finger-like process. This suggests that chorion lysin(s) is associated with the anterior membrane enclosing the apical structure in these spermatozoa.

Mycosphaerella citri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

A description is provided for Mycosphaerella citri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Citrus spp. DISEASE: Greasy spot of Citrus (black melanose or greasy melanose); greasy spot rind blotch has been proposed to cover all the symptoms on fruits (52, 1145). The leaves bear small blister like areas, mostly hypophyllous; these spots are at first a translucent, light yellow orange, becoming necrotic. In the field they resemble irregular flecks of dirty grease on both leaf surfaces. Most of the leaf may be affected and infected leaves fall. Very small black spots are caused on the fruits, forming an unsightly blemish; they are accentuated by delayed colouring of the rind due to retention of chlorophyll in the adjacent living cells (50, 2280; 52, 1145). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Florida.). The disease was known for many years in USA before its aetiology was determined (50, 1231); and had been erroneously attributed to Cercospora citri-grisea Fisher (40, 752). A similar (or identical) disease in Japan (48, 155) had been attributed to Mycosphaerella horii Hara (see Tanaka et al. ; Yamada). In Florida M. citri was considered to differ from M. horii (50, 1231; 51, 3364); the former has smaller ascospores which are not constricted at the septa. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores from fallen leaves are thought to be the most important inoculum source (50, 1231).

Observations on the making of cochineal, according to a relation had from an old Spaniard at Jamaica, who had lived many years in that part of the West-Indies where great quantities of that rich commodity are yearly made

The Insect whereof it is made he confirms to be the same which we call the Lady-Bird, alias Cow-Lady, which he says at first appears like a small blister or little knob upon the Leaves of the Shurb on which they breed, which afterwards by the heat of the Sun, become a live Insect, as above, or small Grub.