Norm of Reciprocity

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
James J. Chriss
Keyword(s):  
Norm Of Reciprocity

When Death Is Compelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scenario Study ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Abstract. Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality salience should enhance compliance for a request when using the door-in-the-face technique – a persuasion strategy grounded in the norm of reciprocity. In a hypothetical scenario (Study 1), and in a field experiment (Study 2), applying the door-in-the-face technique enhanced compliance in the mortality salience condition compared to a control group.

The study of the antecedents of knowledge sharing behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dah-Kwei Liou ◽  
Wen-Hai Chih ◽  
Chien-Yun Yuan ◽  
Chien-Yao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Learning Community ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Online Learning Community ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Test ◽  
Knowledge Sharing Behavior ◽  
Sharing Behavior ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the factors from environmental level and personal level influence the knowledge sharing behavior and community participation. Design/methodology/approach – This research study, which consisted of 394 valid respondents who were members of the Yambol online test community, used online survey to collect data. This research used the structural equation modeling to analyze the data with good model fit. Findings – The results of this research showed the following: the anticipated reciprocal relationship, norm of reciprocity, and anticipated extrinsic rewards had a significant and positive effect on knowledge sharing behavior, respectively; knowledge sharing behavior had a significant and positive effect on community participation; knowledge sharing self-efficacy was the mediator between anticipated extrinsic rewards and knowledge sharing behavior; and community identification moderated the relationship between knowledge sharing behavior and community participation. Research limitations/implications – This study was a cross-sectional study. Future research can employ a longitudinal study to conduct long-term observations of knowledge sharing behavioral changes among members of the Yambol online test community. Moreover, this study applied social cognitive theory as the basis to explore the antecedents of knowledge sharing behavior of members of the Yambol online test community. Future research can apply a broad range of behavioral theory or combinations of research variables to explore comprehensive factors of knowledge sharing behavior. Practical implications – From a managerial standpoint, this study can assist professional online learning community in understanding the antecedents of knowledge sharing behavior and community participation from personal and environmental level. Social implications – Yambol online test community managers can enhance reciprocity relationship between members in the emotional level. In addition, Yambol online test community managers can use the appropriate norm of reciprocity to strengthen the trust of community members and enhance the knowledge sharing behavior of community members in the rational level. Originality/value – First, most scholars viewed knowledge sharing from perspectives of corporate, organizational, or a typical internet community, but rarely applied a perspective from a professional online learning community to conduct research. Therefore, this research focussed on professional online learning community as the research subject. Second, the literature review revealed that reciprocity divided into anticipated reciprocal relationship and norm of reciprocity. Previous studies have used anticipated reciprocal relationship or norm of reciprocity as research aspects for examining reciprocity; however, no other study has evaluated both concurrently. Third, studies on the behavioral dimension have included knowledge sharing behavior and community participation. This study examined the influence of knowledge sharing behavior on community participation. Additionally, community identification was the moderator of the effect of knowledge sharing behavior on community participation.

scholarly journals Effect of holding office on the behavior of politicians

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13690-13695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Enemark ◽  
Clark C. Gibson ◽  
Mathew D. McCubbins ◽  
Brigitte Seim
Keyword(s):  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Previous Election ◽  
Vote Trading ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
Behavioral Games ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Reciprocity is central to our understanding of politics. Most political exchanges—whether they involve legislative vote trading, interbranch bargaining, constituent service, or even the corrupt exchange of public resources for private wealth—require reciprocity. But how does reciprocity arise? Do government officials learn reciprocity while holding office, or do recruitment and selection practices favor those who already adhere to a norm of reciprocity? We recruit Zambian politicians who narrowly won or lost a previous election to play behavioral games that provide a measure of reciprocity. This combination of regression discontinuity and experimental designs allows us to estimate the effect of holding office on behavior. We find that holding office increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. This study identifies causal effects of holding office on politicians’ behavior.

Effects on Time on the Norm of Reciprocity

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Burger ◽  
Misa Horita ◽  
Lisa Kinoshita ◽  
Kris Roberts ◽  
Christopher Vera
Keyword(s):  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Where is the love?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Xiong ◽  
Ceridwyn King ◽  
Clark Hu
Keyword(s):  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Loyalty Program ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Price Premiums ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore polygamous program loyalty in hotel loyalty programs and the relationship between members’ behavioral loyalty and their perceptions of the program effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – Descriptive statistics, discriminant analysis, ordinary least square regression and one-way ANOVA methods. Findings – This study suggests that the flexibility to purchase points in a loyalty program is significantly associated with the polygamous program loyalty. Members will stay in only one program if they perceive such flexibility. Although members tend to emphasize purchasing accommodation from the loyalty programs’ hotels, they do not necessarily advocate or pay price premiums for the brand. Compared with basic members, elite members exhibit higher levels of loyalty behaviors in general, but not in terms of paying price premiums. Research limitations/implications – The results suggest that how customers value a loyalty program can differentiate the number of membership(s) they have. Increasing the flexibility of point purchase in hotel loyalty programs encourages customers to stay in only one program. With a majority of the participants in the study being senior travelers, the results and implications should be generalized only in the senior market. A larger and more diverse sample is recommended for future research. Practical implications – If loyalty programs seek to keep members from joining other loyalty programs, they should increase members’ likelihood to achieve their expected benefits such as increased flexibility of point purchase. In addition, loyalty programs should encourage, recognize and incentivize members’ reciprocal behaviors based on the norm of reciprocity to build a reciprocal chain in loyalty programs. However, in seeking sustained loyal behavior, loyalty programs need to demonstrate value beyond transactional rewards. Originality/value – This paper explores the reason why customers join multiple loyalty programs (i.e. polygamous program loyalty) and identifies a broken reciprocity link in hotel loyalty programs. Many members primarily focus on the utilities of loyalty programs rather than contributing back to the program; therefore, the norm of reciprocity is suggested to improve loyalty program effectiveness.

The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement

1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin W. Gouldner
Keyword(s):  
Norm Of Reciprocity

The Effect of a Favor on Public and Private Compliance: How Internalized is the Norm of Reciprocity?

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matthew Webster ◽  
Richard H. Smith ◽  
Adele Rhodes ◽  
Mark A. Whatley
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity
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