Artificial Working Memory Constructed by Planar 2D Channel Memristors Enabling Brain‐Inspired Hierarchical Memory Systems

Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180

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Occipital Cortex of Blind Individuals Is Functionally Coupled with Executive Control Areas of Frontal Cortex

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_00807 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 1633-1647 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ben Deen ◽

Rebecca Saxe ◽

Marina Bedny

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Sentence Comprehension ◽

Memory Load ◽

Memory Task ◽

Occipital Cortex ◽

Memory Systems ◽

Functional Responses ◽

Congenitally Blind ◽

Blind Individuals

In congenital blindness, the occipital cortex responds to a range of nonvisual inputs, including tactile, auditory, and linguistic stimuli. Are these changes in functional responses to stimuli accompanied by altered interactions with nonvisual functional networks? To answer this question, we introduce a data-driven method that searches across cortex for functional connectivity differences across groups. Replicating prior work, we find increased fronto-occipital functional connectivity in congenitally blind relative to blindfolded sighted participants. We demonstrate that this heightened connectivity extends over most of occipital cortex but is specific to a subset of regions in the inferior, dorsal, and medial frontal lobe. To assess the functional profile of these frontal areas, we used an n-back working memory task and a sentence comprehension task. We find that, among prefrontal areas with overconnectivity to occipital cortex, one left inferior frontal region responds to language over music. By contrast, the majority of these regions responded to working memory load but not language. These results suggest that in blindness occipital cortex interacts more with working memory systems and raise new questions about the function and mechanism of occipital plasticity.

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Intelligence and working memory systems: evidence of neural efficiency in alpha band ERD

Cognitive Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.010 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 212-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

R.H Grabner ◽

A Fink ◽

A Stipacek ◽

C Neuper ◽

A.C Neubauer

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Memory Systems ◽

Alpha Band ◽

Neural Efficiency

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Divisible Loads Scheduling in Hierarchical Memory Systems with Time and Energy Constraints

Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-32152-3_11 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 111-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maciej Drozdowski ◽

Jędrzej M. Marszałkowski

Keyword(s):

Memory Systems ◽

Divisible Loads ◽

Hierarchical Memory ◽

Energy Constraints ◽

Time And Energy

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The Enhanced Working Memory Model

Squeezing Minds From Stones ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190854614.003.0020 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 406-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Frederick L. Coolidge

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Memory Systems ◽

Genetic Event ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Temporal Sequencing ◽

Cave Paintings ◽

Cognitive Consequence ◽

Life On Earth ◽

Multicomponent Model

This chapter traces the origins and currents of Frederick Coolidge’s collaborations with archaeologist Thomas Wynn. It begins with their first article, in 2001, in which they traced a cultural explosion some 50,000 years ago in the archaeological record (as attested by the appearance of things like cave paintings, highly ritualized burials, depictive figurines) to enhanced executive functions (i.e., temporal sequencing, inhibition, planning, and organization) that perhaps resulted from an earlier genetic or epigenetic event not shared by Neandertals. As evidence of enhanced executive functioning in Homo sapiens, Wynn and Coolidge offered barbed points from Katanda, bow-and-arrow technology, agriculture, and the colonization of the Sahul. In their more recent papers, they labeled the cognitive consequence of this genetic event enhanced working memory, thus incorporating their ideas into Baddeley’s multicomponent model of working memory. The chapter ends with speculations on the evolutionary origins of learning and memory systems, looking back to the very beginnings of life on earth.

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