Expressing volition, imposition and latency through causatives

The present study analyzes the different ways in which causative structures in these languages express the ideas of causation, volition vs imposition, and temporal sequencing of actions. The examples have been gathered from media discourse (written and spoken examples of news reports, articles or discussions from electronic media), and informal conversations with the native speakers of the languages during interviews and discussions. The forms of expressing the concepts of desire, wish, will on the one hand, and the forms of expressing imposition, request, incentive, order or involuntary action, on the other, differ across languages from purely syntactic structures to morphological, or lexical-semantic means. Latent causation is yet further interesting issue raised in the paper.

Daily Exercise and Alcohol Use Among Young Adult College Students

The present study examined associations between exercise and alcohol use at the between- and within-person levels, including temporal sequencing and the impact of gender. Participants were 221 college students that completed an online survey and 14 daily surveys assessing their daily exercise and alcohol use. Individuals who reported higher exercise scores also consumed more alcohol, on average. On days when individuals reported consuming fewer drinks than usual, they also reported greater exercise scores. Individuals reported lower exercise scores following a day with heavier alcohol use than usual or a day with heavy episodic drinking. Exercise was unassociated with next-day alcohol use. There were mixed findings on the impact of gender. Exercise may have a more proximal influence on drinking. Exercise interventions for alcohol use could target days with higher probabilities of drinking to reduce levels of alcohol use among college students.

A Preliminary Exploration of Pitch Discrimination, Temporal Sequencing, and Prosodic Awareness Skills of Children Who Participate in Different School-Based Music Curricula

Musical training has been shown to have a positive influence on a variety of skills, including auditory-based tasks and nonmusical cognitive and executive functioning tasks; however, because previous investigations have yielded mixed results regarding the relationship between musical training and these skills, the purpose of this study was to examine and compare the auditory processing skills of children who receive focused, daily musical training with those with more limited, generalized musical training. Sixteen typically developing children (second–fourth grade) from two different schools receiving different music curricula were assessed on measures of pitch discrimination, temporal sequencing, and prosodic awareness. The results indicated significantly better scores in pitch discrimination abilities for the children receiving daily, focused musical training (School 1) compared to students attending music class only once per week, utilizing a more generalized elementary school music curriculum (School 2). The findings suggest that more in-depth and frequent musical training may be associated with better pitch discrimination abilities in children. This finding is important given that the ability to discriminate pitch has been linked to improved phonological processing skills, an important skill for developing spoken language and literacy. Future investigations are needed to determine whether the null findings for temporal sequencing and prosodic awareness can be replicated or may be different for various grades and tasks for measuring these abilities.

Athletics and attention: Bi-directional influences in the lab and on the field

Selectively attending to some information while ignoring other information is crucial for athletic success. Active participation in athletics is also beneficial when attention is measured in the laboratory. This review examines this bi-directional relationship between athletics and attention. The introduction orients readers to the concept of selective visual attention. In the following section we review the evidence that athletic participation influences performance on laboratory measures of visual attention, including tasks of spatial orienting, spatial shifting, attention distribution, temporal sequencing, and the control of action. In the third section we review how attention measures are influenced by contextual factors that are also known to influence athletic performance. These include behavioral practices like exercise, sleep, and hydration; environmental factors like thermal stress, competition, and distraction; and individual differences in personality, age, and gender. In the next section we situate all this empirical evidence in the evolving theoretical understanding of attention in the cognitive sciences over the past five decades. In doing so, it becomes clear that research on athletics is an important database to consider when developing models of attention. By bringing these literatures together, a stronger theoretical foundation is sought that may contribute positively to research on both optimal athletic performance and framework development in attention.

The Madness of Hugo van der Goes: The Troubled Search for Origins in Early Netherlandish Painting

The extant works of Hugo van der Goes frustrated attempts among early historians of Netherlandish painting to organize the artist's career according to a chronology. The survival of a biographical document attesting to his madness additionally troubled the expectation of artistic progression. Goes earned the reputation of the first modern artist whose genius was connected to his aberrant psychology. This essay critically examines the impulse in art history toward temporal sequencing, arguing that such a practice is most profitably applied in the case of Goes not to his oeuvre as a whole but to a study of his process within an individual work. The alterations over time to the surface of The Fall of Man, which has often (but not unanimously) been deemed the artist's “first work,” afford consideration of how Goes thought about revision and how historians of early Netherlandish painting might engage disciplinary change by rethinking the impulse toward prioritization.

Temporal Sequencing of Mental Health Symptom Severity and Suicidal Ideation in Post-9/11 Men and Women Veterans Who Recently Separated from the Military

Background Despite some evidence for gender differences in associations between military veterans’ mental health and suicidal ideation (SI), gender-specific prospective studies are lacking. The aims of this prospective study were to: (1) examine gender differences in veterans’ initial status and trajectories of mental health severity and SI status and (2) identify temporal sequencing of mental health predictors of SI. Methods Surveys of 1035 US veterans were administered at 3 time-points (T1, T2, T3) over a 7-year period following military separation, with an initial assessment within 2 years of military separation. Results Men reported higher baseline PTSD and alcohol misuse severity than women. No baseline gender difference in SI prevalence was detected. Baseline gender differences in mental health severity were maintained over time. For both men and women, remittance of SI was more likely from T1 to T2 than from T2 to T3 while chronic SI was more likely from T2 to T3. The strongest predictors of T3 SI were prior SI followed by alcohol misuse, depression, and PTSD severity with stronger effects for T2 predictors than T1. Conclusion The maintenance of baseline gender differences throughout trajectories of mental health predictors of SI supports the need for ongoing gender-specific mental health services. Current governmental interorganizational efforts are focused on suicide prevention during the first year after military service completion. Our findings indicate a need to extend mental health screening and treatment beyond the early post-military period to reduce risk and recurrence of SI for both men and women.

GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs

Landslides in glacial environments are high-magnitude, long-runout events, believed to be increasing in frequency as a paraglacial response to ice retreat and thinning and, arguably, due to warming temperatures and degrading permafrost above current glaciers. However, our ability to test these assumptions by quantifying the temporal sequencing of debris inputs over large spatial and temporal extents is limited in areas with glacier ice. Discrete landslide debris inputs, particularly in accumulation areas, are rapidly “lost”, being reworked by motion and icefalls and/or covered by snowfall. Although large landslides can be detected and located using their seismic signature, smaller (M≤5.0) landslides frequently go undetected because their seismic signature is less than the noise floor, particularly supraglacially deposited landslides, which feature a “quiet” runout over snow. Here, we present GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new free-to-use tool leveraging Landsat 4–8 satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine. GERALDINE outputs maps of new supraglacial debris additions within user-defined areas and time ranges, providing a user with a reference map, from which large debris inputs such as supraglacial landslides (>0.05 km2) can be rapidly identified. We validate the effectiveness of GERALDINE outputs using published supraglacial rock avalanche inventories, and then demonstrate its potential by identifying two previously unknown, large (>2 km2) landslide-derived supraglacial debris inputs onto glaciers in the Hayes Range, Alaska, one of which was not detected seismically. GERALDINE is a first step towards a complete global magnitude–frequency of landslide inputs onto glaciers over the 38 years of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery.

Are Sink Drainage Systems a Reservoir for Hospital-Acquired Gammaproteobacteria Colonization and Infection? A Systematic Review

Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistant organisms have focused attention on sink drainage systems as reservoirs for hospital-acquired Gammaproteobacteria colonization and infection. We aimed to assess the quality of evidence for transmission from this reservoir. We searched eight databases and identified 52 studies implicating sink drainage systems in acute care hospitals as a reservoir for Gammaproteobacterial colonization/infection. We used a causality tool to summarize quality of evidence. Included studies provided evidence of co-occurrence of contaminated sink drainage systems and colonization/infection, temporal sequencing compatible with sink drainage reservoirs, some steps in potential causal pathways, and relatedness between bacteria from sink drainage systems and patients. Some studies provided convincing evidence of reduced risk of organism acquisition following interventions. No single study provided convincing evidence across all causality domains, and the attributable fraction of infections related to sink drainage systems remains unknown. These results may help to guide conduct and reporting in future studies.

Community-Based Resource Mobilization: How Entrepreneurs Acquire Resources from Distributed Non-Professionals via Crowdfunding

We examine how entrepreneurs acquire financial resources for their early-stage ventures from distributed non-professionals via crowdfunding. Through an inductive analysis of entrepreneurs’ successful and unsuccessful non-equity crowdfunding campaigns, we derive a holistic framework of community-based resource mobilization. Our framework consists of three distinct processes entrepreneurs use to attain financial capital from non-professional resource providers over time: community building to establish psychological bonds with individuals possessing domain-relevant knowledge, community engaging to foster social identification with existing resource providers, and community spanning to leverage proofpoints with intermediaries who can help orchestrate resource mobilization with broader audiences. Entrepreneurs’ enactment and temporal sequencing of these three processes distinguish successful versus unsuccessful resource mobilization efforts in a crowdfunding setting. Community building is used by successful entrepreneurs primarily prior to a campaign’s launch, community engaging is used throughout a campaign, and community spanning is most effectively used after achieving a campaign’s initially-stated funding goal. This study empirically illustrates and theoretically conceptualizes the dynamics of resource mobilization in a crowdfunding setting.

GERALDINE (Google earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector) – A new Tool for Identifying and Monitoring Supraglacial Landslide Inputs

Rock avalanches, a high-magnitude, long runout form of bedrock landslide, are thought to increase in frequency as a paraglacial response to ice-retreat/thinning, and arguably, due to warming temperatures/degrading permafrost above current glaciers. However, our ability to test these assumptions by quantifying the temporal sequencing of debris inputs over large spatial and temporal extents is limited in areas with glacier ice. Discrete landslide debris inputs, particularly in accumulation areas are rapidly ‘lost’, being reworked by motion and icefalls, and/or covered by snowfall. Although large landslides can be detected and located using their seismic signature, small to medium-sized landslides, particularly supraglacially deposited landslides which feature a quiet runout over snow, frequently go undetected because their seismic signature is less than the noise floor. Here, we present GERALDINE (Google earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new open-source tool leveraging Landsat 4–8 satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine. GERALDINE outputs maps of new supraglacial debris additions within user-defined areas and time ranges, providing a user with a reference map, from which large debris inputs such as supraglacial rock avalanches can be rapidly identified. We validate the effectiveness of GERALDINE outputs using published rock-avalanche inventories, then demonstrate its potential by identifying two previously unknown, large (> 2 km2) supraglacial debris inputs onto glaciers in the Hayes Range, Alaska, one of which was not detected seismically. GERALDINE is a first step towards a revised global magnitude-frequency of rock avalanche inputs onto glaciers over the 37 years of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery.