AbstractNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the two primary experimental means of characterizing macromolecular structures, including protein structures. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy has traditionally relied heavily on distance restraints derived from nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements. While structure determination of proteins from NOE-based restraints is well understood and broadly used, structure determination by NOEs imposes increasing quantity of data for analysis, increased cost of structure determination and is less available in the study of perdeuterated proteins. In the recent decade, Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs) have been investigated as an alternative source of data for structural elucidation of proteins by NMR. Several methods have been reported that utilize RDCs in addition to NOEs, and a few utilize RDC data alone. While these methods have individually demonstrated some successes, none of these methods have exposed the full potential of protein structure determination from RDCs. To date, structure determination of proteins from RDCs is limited to small proteins (less than 8.5 kDa) using RDC data from many alignment media (>3) that cannot be collected from larger proteins. Here we present the latest version of the REDCRAFT software package designed for structure determination of proteins from RDC data alone. We have demonstrated the success of REDCRAFT in structure determination of proteins ranging in size from 50 to 145 residues using experimentally collected data and large proteins (145 to 573 residues) using simulated RDC data that can be collected from perdeuterated proteins. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy of structure determination of REDCRAFT from RDCs alone in application to the structurally novel PF.2048 protein. The RDC-based structure of PF.2048 exhibited 1.0 Å of BB-RMSD with respect to the NOE-based structure by only using a small amount of backbone RDCs (∼3 restraints per residue) compared to what is required by other approaches.Author SummaryResidual Dipolar Couplings have the potential to reduce the cost and the time needed to characterize protein structures. In addition, RDC data have been demonstrated to concurrently elucidate structure of proteins, perform assignment of resonances, and be used in characterization of the internal dynamics of proteins. Given all the advantages associated with the study of proteins from RDC data, based on the statistics provided by the Protein Databank (PDB), surprisingly the only 124 proteins (out of nearly 150,000 proteins) have utilized RDCs as part of their structure determination. Even a smaller subset of these proteins (approximately 7) have utilized RDCs as the primary source of data for structure determination. The impeding factor in the use of RDCs is the challenging computational and analytical aspects of this source of data. In this report, we demonstrate the success of the REDCRAFT software package in structure determination of proteins using RDC data that can be collected from small and large proteins in a routine fashion. REDCRAFT accomplishes the challenging task of structure determination from RDCs by introducing a unique search and optimization technique that is both robust and computationally tractable. Structure determination from routinely collectable RDC data using REDCRAFT can lead to faster and cheaper study of larger and more complex proteins by NMR spectroscopy in solution state.
Residual Dipolar Couplings in Structure Determination of Natural Products
