Distribution and organization of cholinergic neurons in the rat forebrain demonstrated by computer-aided data acquisition and three-dimensional reconstruction

1987 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Schwaber ◽  
Wade T. Rogers ◽  
Keiji Satoh ◽  
H. C. Fibiger
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuzo Toriya ◽  
Toshio Arima ◽  
Akio Kuraoka ◽  
Takuya Uemura

1989 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfons C. Laan ◽  
Wouter H. Lamers ◽  
Dionysius P. Huijsmans ◽  
Anita Te Kortschot ◽  
Jerry Smith ◽  
...  

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Sudo ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Akihiro Ikui ◽  
Chiaki Suzuki

Nine normal human temporal bones from persons 16 to 88 years old were studied by computer aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement. The length of the eustachian tube (ET) lumen in three portions (from pharyngeal orifice to tympanic orifice: cartilaginous, junctional, and bony) averaged 23.6 ±4.3 mm, 3.0 ± 1.9 mm, and 6.4 ± 2.6 mm. The narrowest portion of the ET lumen was in the cartilaginous portion in all cases: 20.5 ± 4.2 mm from the pharyngeal orifice and 3.1 ± 1.6 mm from the pharyngeal margin of the junctional portion. The cross-sectional area of the narrowest portion was 0.65 ± 0.2 mm2. The tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) inserted into the lateral lamina in the narrowest portion of the ET lumen in five of nine cases. These results suggest that contraction of the TVPM opens the narrowest portion of the ET lumen to ventilate the middle ear and that this portion also plays a role in protecting the middle ear.


1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Wada ◽  
Michiko Sugawara ◽  
Toshimitsu Kobayashi ◽  
Koji Hozawa ◽  
Tomonori Takasaka

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