Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is an emerging technology used in next-generation cellular networks. The major challenge in the massive MIMO system is the pilot contamination. The contamination of the pilot sequences causes inaccurate channel estimation leading to huge errors in the transmissions. This paper proposes an approach for pilot contamination reduction in massive MIMO systems. In order to reduce the pilot contamination, a pilot scheduling algorithm is devised by proposing an optimization algorithm named Elephant-based Spider Monkey Optimization (ESMO) for scheduling the pilots. The proposed ESMO is designed by combining Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) into Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO). The pilot scheduling approach employs proposed ESMO and user degradation for scheduling the pilots. Moreover, the optimal pilot scheduling is carried out using the newly devised fitness function that considers achievable rate using various user grouping parameters, such as utility function, and grouping parameter. Thus, the proposed ESMO-based pilot scheduling and fitness function are responsible for initiating optimal pilot scheduling. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the existing methods, and the proposed ESMO outperformed the existing methods with maximal achievable rate value of 39.257[Formula: see text]bps/Hz, and maximal SINR with value 118.75[Formula: see text]dB, respectively.
Multi-Level Planning and Scheduling for Parallel PCB Assembly Lines Using Hybrid Spider Monkey Optimization Approach
