The Functional Relevance of Medial Parabrachial Nucleus in Intragastric Sodium Chloride-Induced Short-Term (Concurrent) Aversion Learning

The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10(-8) M did not significantly affect attachment.

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Alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins in leather making for sustainable development – A review

Textile & Leather Review ◽

10.31881/tlr.2019.19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 46-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar ◽

Resmi Mohan ◽

Chellappa Muralidharan

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Environmental Concern ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Waste Streams ◽

Short Term ◽

Leather Processing ◽

Disposal Option ◽

Patent Literature ◽

Ultra Filtration

During the leather processing, large quantities of the salt as sodium chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term preservation of hides and skins, which subsequently leaches out from the skins/hides and end up in waste streams. This raises a serious environmental concern as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) problem in the wastewater, for which there is no viable treatment method available. Remediation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are some concerns for SLF as it requires Land area as well as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing an alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins. In this regard, Research and Development work is being carried out worldwide and several reports are available. Therefore, it would be beneficial to review and analyze the salt free alternative preservation methods. Even though, some reviews on this topic has been reported earlier, they have not taken into account the patent literature available on this subject. The present paper reviews various alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins, taking into account both patent and other publications on this subject.

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Medullary afferent vagal axotomy disrupts NaCl-induced short-term taste aversion learning

Behavioral and Neural Biology ◽

10.1016/0163-1047(93)91187-r ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M. Arnedo ◽

M. Gallo ◽

A. Aguero ◽

F. Molina ◽

A. Puerto

Keyword(s):

Taste Aversion ◽

Aversion Learning ◽

Short Term ◽

Taste Aversion Learning ◽

Afferent Vagal

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Volume and Electrolyte Homeostasis During Antidiuresis

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.190.2.287 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 190 (2) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. U. Schlegel ◽

H. Stone

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Chloride Solution ◽

Sodium Chloride Solution ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Urea Solution ◽

Short Term ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Water Load ◽

Volume Load ◽

Electrolyte Homeostasis

Normal rats were were given a 60-cc water load over a period of 12 hours. Antidiuresis due to administration of Pitressin tannate could be overcome by substituting the 60-cc water load with a 60-cc 2% sodium chloride solution or 4.2% urea solution. In animals with sodium retention resulting from previous sodium chloride restriction or short-term adrenalectomy, or both, antidiuresis with maintenance of homeostasis in regard to sodium chloride and water during a 60-cc volume load could be overcome only by making the volume load an approximate 4.2% urea solution. Administration of 60 cc of 2% sodium chloride solution to such animals resulted in pronounced increase in serum sodium and chloride concentrations, often with fatal outcome. Adrenalectomized rats have a decreased ability to perform tubular work in regard to reabsorption of water, as well as of solutes.

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