Comparison of short-term chronic and chronic silver toxicity to fathead minnows in unamended and sodium chloride amended waters

2007 ◽  
Vol preprint (2007) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rami Naddy ◽  
Anita Rehner ◽  
Gina McNerney ◽  
Joe Gorsuch ◽  
James Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Silver Toxicity

COMPARISON OF SHORT-TERM CHRONIC AND CHRONIC SILVER TOXICITY TO FATHEAD MINNOWS IN UNAMENDED AND SODIUM CHLORIDE–AMENDED WATERS

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami B. Naddy ◽  
Anita B. Rehner ◽  
Gina R. McNerney ◽  
Joseph W. Gorsuch ◽  
James R. Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Silver Toxicity

Attachment of the flagellate Giardia lamblia: role of reducing agents, serum, temperature, and ionic composition

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-377
Author(s):  
F D Gillin ◽  
D S Reiner
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reduced Temperature

The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10(-8) M did not significantly affect attachment.

scholarly journals Alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins in leather making for sustainable development – A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar ◽  
Resmi Mohan ◽  
Chellappa Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Disposal Option ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Ultra Filtration

During the leather processing, large quantities of the salt as sodium chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term preservation of hides and skins, which subsequently leaches out from the skins/hides and end up in waste streams. This raises a serious environmental concern as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) problem in the wastewater, for which there is no viable treatment method available. Remediation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are some concerns for SLF as it requires Land area as well as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing an alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins. In this regard, Research and Development work is being carried out worldwide and several reports are available. Therefore, it would be beneficial to review and analyze the salt free alternative preservation methods. Even though, some reviews on this topic has been reported earlier, they have not taken into account the patent literature available on this subject. The present paper reviews various alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins, taking into account both patent and other publications on this subject.

Volume and Electrolyte Homeostasis During Antidiuresis

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. U. Schlegel ◽  
H. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis

Normal rats were were given a 60-cc water load over a period of 12 hours. Antidiuresis due to administration of Pitressin tannate could be overcome by substituting the 60-cc water load with a 60-cc 2% sodium chloride solution or 4.2% urea solution. In animals with sodium retention resulting from previous sodium chloride restriction or short-term adrenalectomy, or both, antidiuresis with maintenance of homeostasis in regard to sodium chloride and water during a 60-cc volume load could be overcome only by making the volume load an approximate 4.2% urea solution. Administration of 60 cc of 2% sodium chloride solution to such animals resulted in pronounced increase in serum sodium and chloride concentrations, often with fatal outcome. Adrenalectomized rats have a decreased ability to perform tubular work in regard to reabsorption of water, as well as of solutes.

Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus) as Standard Fish in Bioassays and Their Reaction to Potential Reference Toxicants

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira R. Adelman ◽  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Reference Toxicant

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were compared for their suitability as standard bioassay fish. Both species showed the same variability of bioassay results when tested with four toxicants. Fathead minnows are recommended on the basis of their small size and on their capability for use in complete life cycle tests.On the basis of minimum variability of bioassay results, sodium chloride was superior for use as a reference toxicant. Both sodium chloride and pentachlorophenol seemed capable of detecting abnormal fish. On the basis of seven listed criteria either sodium chloride or pentachlorophenol would be acceptable as a reference toxicant.

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