scholarly journals Alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins in leather making for sustainable development – A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar ◽  
Resmi Mohan ◽  
Chellappa Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Disposal Option ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Ultra Filtration

During the leather processing, large quantities of the salt as sodium chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term preservation of hides and skins, which subsequently leaches out from the skins/hides and end up in waste streams. This raises a serious environmental concern as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) problem in the wastewater, for which there is no viable treatment method available. Remediation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are some concerns for SLF as it requires Land area as well as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing an alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins. In this regard, Research and Development work is being carried out worldwide and several reports are available. Therefore, it would be beneficial to review and analyze the salt free alternative preservation methods. Even though, some reviews on this topic has been reported earlier, they have not taken into account the patent literature available on this subject. The present paper reviews various alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins, taking into account both patent and other publications on this subject.

scholarly journals Family and childcare support public expenditures and short-term fertility dynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmin Enache
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Cash Benefits

In a period of very low fertility, effective family and childcare support policy measures are needed. From a wide range of instruments available to government intervention, we focus on public expenditures effects on short-term fertility. Using a sample of 28 European countries in a panel framework, we found that there is a small positive elasticity of crude birth rate to cash benefits related to childbirth and childrearing provided through social security system. Different public services provided to ease the burden of parents and all other benefits in kind, means or non-means tested, are found to be insignificant. These results are robust to alternative methods of estimation. Controlling for country heterogeneity by religion and by culture, some particularly interesting differences in birth rate determinants were highlighted as well.

Attachment of the flagellate Giardia lamblia: role of reducing agents, serum, temperature, and ionic composition

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-377
Author(s):  
F D Gillin ◽  
D S Reiner
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reduced Temperature

The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10(-8) M did not significantly affect attachment.

Volume and Electrolyte Homeostasis During Antidiuresis

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. U. Schlegel ◽  
H. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis

Normal rats were were given a 60-cc water load over a period of 12 hours. Antidiuresis due to administration of Pitressin tannate could be overcome by substituting the 60-cc water load with a 60-cc 2% sodium chloride solution or 4.2% urea solution. In animals with sodium retention resulting from previous sodium chloride restriction or short-term adrenalectomy, or both, antidiuresis with maintenance of homeostasis in regard to sodium chloride and water during a 60-cc volume load could be overcome only by making the volume load an approximate 4.2% urea solution. Administration of 60 cc of 2% sodium chloride solution to such animals resulted in pronounced increase in serum sodium and chloride concentrations, often with fatal outcome. Adrenalectomized rats have a decreased ability to perform tubular work in regard to reabsorption of water, as well as of solutes.

scholarly journals Assessing Options for Remediation of Contaminated Mine Site Drainage Entering the River Teign, Southwest England

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Jordan ◽  
Rachel Hill ◽  
Adrienne Turner ◽  
Tyrone Roberts ◽  
Sean Comber
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Mine Sites

The river Teign in Devon has come under scrutiny for failing to meet environmental quality standards for ecotoxic metals due to past mining operations. A disused mine known as Bridford Barytes mine, has been found to contribute a significant source of Zn, Cd and Pb to the river. Recently, studies have been focused on the remediation of such mine sites using low-cost treatment methods to help reduce metal loads to the river downstream. This paper explores the metal removal efficiency of red mud, a waste product from the aluminium industry, which has proven to be an attractive low-cost treatment method for adsorbing toxic metals. Adsorption kinetics and capacity experiments reveal metal removal efficiencies of up to 70% within the first 2 h when red mud is applied in pelletized form. Further, it highlights the potential of biochar, another effective adsorbent observed to remove >90% Zn using agricultural feedstock. Compliance of the Teign has been investigated by analysing dissolved metal concentrations and bioavailable fractions of Zn to assess if levels are of environmental concern. By applying a real-world application model, this study reveals that compressed pellets and agricultural biochar offer an effective, low-cost option to reducing metal concentrations and thus improving the quality of the river Teign.

scholarly journals Short-term outcome of Lisfranc injuries treated with single dorsal plate fixation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0001
Author(s):  
Sangho Chun ◽  
Kyoung min Lee ◽  
Moon Seok Park ◽  
Ki Hyuk Sung ◽  
Seungbum Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Dorsal Plate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lisfranc Joint ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Lisfranc Injury ◽  
Short Term Outcome ◽  
Dorsal Plating

Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Several methods like cortical screw, Kirschner (K) wire have been used for stabilizing the Lisfranc joint. We performed this study to assess whether single dorsal plating can be used as an alternative treatment method for a Lisfranc injury. Methods: Patients were followed up for more than 1 year after the initial surgery.Following open reduction of the joint with a bone reduction clamp, a single dorsal plate was used to perform Lisfranc joint fixation. The plate was fixed with 2.7-mm locking screws on the first metatarsal, second metatarsal, medial cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform. Three weeks postoperatively, the cast was removed, and patients progressively advanced to full weight bearing while wearing a postoperative shoe. The plate was removed 3 months postoperatively. One year postoperatively, weight-bearing foot radiographs and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale score were obtained. Results: Eighteen patients with a Lisfranc injury who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using a single dorsal plate were included. The average AOFAS midfoot score for pain was 35, and the total score was 80.8 (range, 67–95). Six patients (33.3%) had an excellent outcome (score =90); eight (44.4%) had a good outcome (90 > score = 75); and four (22.2%) had a fair outcome (75 > score = 50). Radiographs during the follow-up period showed no loss of reduction or arthritic change. Screw breakage occurred in 3 cases. But the injury ultimately healed anatomically. Conclusion: Single dorsal plating can be an alternative treatment method for a Lisfranc injury, as it provides a good short-term outcome without causing further joint injury.

Comparison of short-term chronic and chronic silver toxicity to fathead minnows in unamended and sodium chloride amended waters

2007 ◽  
Vol preprint (2007) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rami Naddy ◽  
Anita Rehner ◽  
Gina McNerney ◽  
Joe Gorsuch ◽  
James Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Silver Toxicity

Direct Diagnosis and Management of Emotional Factors in Chronic Headache Patients

Cephalalgia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1305-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Abbass ◽  
D Lovas ◽  
A Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Headache ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Chronic Headaches ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
A Direct Method

Somatization, anxiety, depression and personality disorders are common features of many patients with chronic headaches. Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) is a brief therapy method developed specifically to treat patients with this cluster of somatic problems, symptoms and maladaptive behaviours through focusing on how the patient handles emotional experiences. It also contains a direct method of assessing the somatic discharge pathways of both emotions and anxiety, thus allowing direct observation of somatization in the case of many chronic headache sufferers. In this review, we summarize the extant literature on emotional factors in headache, review the evidence for short-term dynamic therapies in somatic problems and describe the assessment and treatment method of ISTDP we use routinely with chronic headache sufferers.

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