Estimation and Conflict Detection in Human Controlled Systems

Author(s):  
Charles Lesire ◽  
Catherine Tessier
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Czernochowski

Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.


1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Marino-Galarraga ◽  
Thomas J. McAvoy ◽  
Thomas E. Marlin
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Besa Dogani

The need for change is particularly expressed in educational organizations. In education, the changes are always associated with the reforms required by the Ministry of Education and Science, and much less often seen as a permanent process that is initiated and continues throughout each school. That is exactly why the school, especially at this time of decentralization, should appear as the initiator of the change. However, it must be noted that in the teaching, non-teaching staff, and in the school leadership, there is resistance to school changes. Hence the idea that resistance to change would be reduced if the director and employees feel the need for change, if they are the initiators of the change or at least participate in the planning and execution of the change. The complexity of the school stems from the everyday relations of a teacher - student, teacher - teacher, and pupil - student. The most frequent occurrence of this is the so-called collision of generations. It practically means a clash of two cultures - climates, an adult culture (teachers), and a culture of youth (students). It all takes place in an environment with its own surrounding called school. This environment and this surrounding are characterized by certain traditions, customs, norms, habits, achieved results, manners of behaviour and communication, religion and so on. All this together with all its complexity, dynamism and openness we call the culture of the school. The word culture has a Latin origin - colare, which means nurturing, developing and embellishing. Culture and climate are interactive states of common characteristics of group influence on the environment. The paradigm of school culture goes hand in hand with the paradigm of inequality and the option of greater autonomy in schools. According to several authors, schools should not be forced to produce quick results, only for the benefit of politicians and for public satisfaction. This means that the educated results should be held accountable by the school principals, not the ministers. This practically means penetration into management, from slow changes to controlled systems (top-down changes), to school support systems (bottom-up changes). It is important to note that each school has its own recognizable culture. The school's culture can be increased in different ways. Basically, it is a content of mutually divided values. Divided values can also be experienced in the form of rituals and repetition ceremonies. This paper aims to show that through the improvement of school culture and school climate, a positive atmosphere of order and discipline, a way of communicating staff, established vision for development will be ensured, and all this towards the construction of an effective and efficient school.


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