An Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism In Higher Plants

1989 ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale G. Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Higher Plants

scholarly journals PII Signal Transduction Proteins, Pivotal Players in Microbial Nitrogen Control

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Arcondéguy ◽  
Rachael Jack ◽  
Mike Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Nitrogen Control ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Signal Transduction Proteins

SUMMARY The PII family of signal transduction proteins are among the most widely distributed signal proteins in the bacterial world. First identified in 1969 as a component of the glutamine synthetase regulatory apparatus, PII proteins have since been recognized as playing a pivotal role in control of prokaryotic nitrogen metabolism. More recently, members of the family have been found in higher plants, where they also potentially play a role in nitrogen control. The PII proteins can function in the regulation of both gene transcription, by modulating the activity of regulatory proteins, and the catalytic activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism. There is also emerging evidence that they may regulate the activity of proteins required for transport of nitrogen compounds into the cell. In this review we discuss the history of the PII proteins, their structures and biochemistry, and their distribution and functions in prokaryotes. We survey data emerging from bacterial genome sequences and consider other likely or potential targets for control by PII proteins.

scholarly journals PEPC of sugarcane regulated glutathione S-transferase and altered carbon–nitrogen metabolism under different N source concentrations in Oryza sativa

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lian ◽  
Yuelong Lin ◽  
Yidong Wei ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Qiuhua Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Transgenic Rice ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Crown Roots

Abstract Background Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays an important role in the primary metabolism of higher plants. Several studies have revealed the critical importance of PEPC in the interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, the function mechanism of PEPC in nitrogen metabolism is unclear and needs further investigation. Results This study indicates that transgenic rice expressing the sugarcane C4-PEPC gene displayed shorter primary roots and fewer crown roots at the seedling stage. However, total nitrogen content was significantly higher in transgenic rice than in wild type (WT) plants. Proteomic analysis revealed that there were more differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) responding to nitrogen changes in transgenic rice. In particular, the most enriched pathway “glutathione (GSH) metabolism”, which mainly contains GSH S-transferase (GST), was identified in transgenic rice. The expression of endogenous PEPC, GST and several genes involved in the TCA cycle, glycolysis and nitrogen assimilation changed in transgenic rice. Correspondingly, the activity of enzymes including GST, citrate synthase, 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase significantly changed. In addition, the levels of organic acids in the TCA cycle and carbohydrates including sucrose, starch and soluble sugar altered in transgenic rice under different nitrogen source concentrations. GSH that the substrate of GST and its components including glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine accumulated in transgenic rice. Moreover, the levels of phytohormones including indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT) and isopentenyladenosine (2ip) were lower in the roots of transgenic rice under total nutrients. Taken together, the phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics of transgenic rice expressing C4-PEPC were different from WT under different nitrogen levels. Conclusions Our results revealed the possibility that PEPC affects nitrogen metabolism through regulating GST, which provide a new direction and concepts for the further study of the PEPC functional mechanism in nitrogen metabolism.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

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