Indirect Methods for the Optimization of Spacecraft Trajectories

Relevance. Cleft lip and palate is one of the severe malformations of the face and jaw, requiring a comprehensive approach to the rehabilitation of the patients, including doctors of various specialties, one of which is orthodontists. A feature of orthodontic treatment is difficulty of fixing bracket systems, as well as lowering the level of oral hygiene, caused by deformation and displacement of fragments of the maxillofacial region.Purpose. Improving the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment and hygiene of the oral caviti in patients with cleft lip and palate in permanent bite period.Materials and methods. A comparison was made of the effetctiveness of fixing brackets systmes with direct and indirect bonding techniques and the effectiveness of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment using irrigators.Results. The results of the study showed a difference in the effectiveness of using direct and indirect methods of fixing bracket systems in patients with cleft and palate. The use of irrigators as additional means of oral hygiene has demonstrated a positive dynamic of hygiene indices.Conclusions. Results of the study demonstrate the advantages of fixation the brackets by indirect bonding and use additional hygiene products irrigator for improving of oral hygiene.

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Indirect Methods of Advertising

The Medical Journal of Australia ◽

10.5694/j.1326-5377.1925.tb11982.x ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 2 (14) ◽

pp. 433-434

Keyword(s):

Indirect Methods

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An Update on The Problem of Small Comets

Highlights of Astronomy ◽

10.1017/s1539299600020657 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 237-238

Author(s):

J.C. Brandt ◽

M.F. A’Hearn

Keyword(s):

Recent Work ◽

Terrestrial Planets ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Earth’S Atmosphere ◽

Direct Observations ◽

Icy Bodies ◽

Earth's Atmosphere ◽

Search Program ◽

Volatile Materials

The evidence for a major population of small comets (SCs) is summarized in two steps. First, we briefly summarize our previous work. Second, we describe recent work that continues to find SCs. When new capabilities become available that can detect SCs, we expect to find them and this is occurring. At present, their detection is a haphazard process and we advocate a dedicated, optimized search program. We define SCs as those icy bodies (i.e., sublimating bodies) with radius less than 1000 meters. Often the existence of SCs is inferred from effects ascribed to them. These “effects” include: lunar cratering; cratering on Ganymede; excess interplanetary hydrogen; delivery of volatile materials to the terrestrial planets; and a source of fragile bodies entering the Earth’s atmosphere. While some of these indirect methods support the existence of SCs, direct observations are clearly preferred.

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Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency: A Review of Direct and Indirect Estimation Methods

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13122393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2393

Author(s):

Wanyuan Cai ◽

Sana Ullah ◽

Lei Yan ◽

Yi Lin

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Analytical Model ◽

Water Use ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Retrieval Algorithm ◽

Canopy Conductance ◽

Coupling Mechanism ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) is a key index for understanding the ecosystem of carbon–water coupling. The undistinguishable carbon–water coupling mechanism and uncertainties of indirect methods by remote sensing products and process models render challenges for WUE remote sensing. In this paper, current progress in direct and indirect methods of WUE estimation by remote sensing is reviewed. Indirect methods based on gross primary production (GPP)/evapotranspiration (ET) from ground observation, processed models and remote sensing are the main ways to estimate WUE in which carbon and water cycles are independent processes. Various empirical models based on meteorological variables and remote sensed vegetation indices to estimate WUE proved the ability of remotely sensed data for WUE estimating. The analytical model provides a mechanistic opportunity for WUE estimation on an ecosystem scale, while the hypothesis has yet to be validated and applied for the shorter time scales. An optimized response of canopy conductance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in an analytical model inverted from the conductance model has been also challenged. Partitioning transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) is a more complex phenomenon than that stated in the analytic model and needs a more precise remote sensing retrieval algorithm as well as ground validation, which is an opportunity for remote sensing to extrapolate WUE estimation from sites to a regional scale. Although studies on controlling the mechanism of environmental factors have provided an opportunity to improve WUE remote sensing, the mismatch in the spatial and temporal resolution of meteorological products and remote sensing data, as well as the uncertainty of meteorological reanalysis data, add further challenges. Therefore, improving the remote sensing-based methods of GPP and ET, developing high-quality meteorological forcing datasets and building mechanistic remote sensing models directly acting on carbon–water cycle coupling are possible ways to improve WUE remote sensing. Improvement in direct WUE remote sensing methods or remote sensing-driven ecosystem analysis methods can promote a better understanding of the global ecosystem carbon–water coupling mechanisms and vegetation functions–climate feedbacks to serve for the future global carbon neutrality.

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Unconstrained Direct Optimization of Spacecraft Trajectories Using Many Embedded Lambert Problems

Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications ◽

10.1007/s10957-021-01884-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Ottesen ◽

Ryan P. Russell

Keyword(s):

Direct Optimization ◽

Spacecraft Trajectories

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A diet high in sugar and fat influences neurotransmitter metabolism and then affects brain function by altering the gut microbiota

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01443-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yinrui Guo ◽

Xiangxiang Zhu ◽

Miao Zeng ◽

Longkai Qi ◽

Xiaocui Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Strain ◽

Brain Function ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

High Fat ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Neurotransmitter Secretion ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods ◽

Neurotransmitter Metabolism ◽

Host Brain

AbstractGut microbiota (GM) metabolites can modulate the physiology of the host brain through the gut–brain axis. We wished to discover connections between the GM, neurotransmitters, and brain function using direct and indirect methods. A diet with increased amounts of sugar and fat (high-sugar and high-fat (HSHF) diet) was employed to disturb the host GM. Then, we monitored the effect on pathology, neurotransmitter metabolism, transcription, and brain circularRNAs (circRNAs) profiles in mice. Administration of a HSHF diet-induced dysbacteriosis, damaged the intestinal tract, changed the neurotransmitter metabolism in the intestine and brain, and then caused changes in brain function and circRNA profiles. The GM byproduct trimethylamine-n-oxide could degrade some circRNAs. The basal level of the GM decided the conversion rate of choline to trimethylamine-n-oxide. A change in the abundance of a single bacterial strain could influence neurotransmitter secretion. These findings suggest that a new link between metabolism, brain circRNAs, and GM. Our data could enlarge the “microbiome–transcriptome” linkage library and provide more information on the gut–brain axis. Hence, our findings could provide more information on the interplay between the gut and brain to aid the identification of potential therapeutic markers and mechanistic solutions to complex problems encountered in studies of pathology, toxicology, diet, and nutrition development.

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