Application of Laser Cooling to the Atomic Frequency Standards

1988 ◽  
pp. 367-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Strumia
Keyword(s):  
Laser Cooling ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Atomic Frequency

Ultracold atoms and precise time standards

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1953) ◽  
pp. 4078-4089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen K. Campbell ◽  
William D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Laser Cooling ◽  
International System ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Mass Motion ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Time Standards ◽  
Atomic Frequency

Experimental techniques of laser cooling and trapping, along with other cooling techniques, have produced gaseous samples of atoms so cold that they are, for many practical purposes, in the quantum ground state of their centre-of-mass motion. Such low velocities have virtually eliminated effects such as Doppler shifts, relativistic time dilation and observation-time broadening that previously limited the performance of atomic frequency standards. Today, the best laser-cooled, caesium atomic fountain, microwave frequency standards realize the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second to a relative accuracy of ≈3×10 −16 . Optical frequency standards, which do not realize the SI second, have even better performance: cold neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices now yield relative systematic uncertainties of ≈1×10 −16 , whereas cold-trapped ions have systematic uncertainties of 9×10 −18 . We will discuss the current limitations in the performance of neutral atom atomic frequency standards and prospects for the future.

Possible investigation of relativistic effects with the aid of molecular and atomic frequency standards

1961 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 3-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. Basov ◽  
Oleg N. Krokhin ◽  
A.N. Oraevskii ◽  
G.M. Strakhovskii ◽  
B.M. Chikhachev
Keyword(s):  
Relativistic Effects ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Atomic Frequency

Five Years of VLF Worldwide Comparison of Atomic Frequency Standards

Radio Science ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair B. E. ◽  
Crow E. L. ◽  
Morgan A. H.
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Atomic Frequency

Benefits of operating multiple atomic frequency standards for GNSS satellites

GPS Solutions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Janis ◽  
Michael R. Jones ◽  
Nicholas F. Quackenbush
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Atomic Frequency
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