Non-Markovian Unified Theory of Dephasing in Two-Photon and Multiphoton Processes

1984 ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
Shaul Mukamel
Keyword(s):  
Unified Theory ◽  
Multiphoton Processes ◽  
Two Photon

scholarly journals Dynamics of photon number quantum fluctuations in multiphoton processes

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Zakharov ◽  
Vl. G. Tyuterev
Keyword(s):  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Quantum Noise ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Multiphoton Processes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Field Interaction ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Definite Time ◽  
Photon Antibunching ◽  
Thermal States

This paper discusses the principles of reduction of quantum noise in optical radiation. The dynamics of photon number fluctuations in direct and cascade two-photon processes is investigated. The paper considers the cases of absorption and emission for the fields originally prepared in coherent and thermal states. It is shown that photon antibunching and bunching should occur for the passed radiation. The photon antibunching effect is only in definite time intervals of field interaction with resonance absorbing or emitting systems.The possible cases of accumulation of photon antibunching effects are considered.

X-ray two-photon absorption competing against single and sequential multiphoton processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Tamasaku ◽  
Eiji Shigemasa ◽  
Yuichi Inubushi ◽  
Tetsuo Katayama ◽  
Kei Sawada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Multiphoton Processes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Photon Absorption ◽  
Two Photon

Two-photon excitation microscopy in cellular biophysics

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
David W. Piston ◽  
Brian D. Bennett ◽  
Robert G. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Excited Electronic State ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Simultaneous Absorption ◽  
Photon Excitation ◽  
Very High ◽  
Two Photon Excitation

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) provides attractive advantages over confocal microscopy for three-dimensionally resolved fluorescence imaging and photochemistry. Two-photon excitation arises from the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a single quantitized event whose probability is proportional to the square of the instantaneous intensity. For example, two red photons can cause the transition to an excited electronic state normally reached by absorption in the ultraviolet. In practice, two-photon excitation is made possible by the very high local instantaneous intensity provided by a combination of diffraction-limited focusing of a single laser beam in the microscope and the temporal concentration of 100 femtosecond pulses generated by a mode-locked laser. Resultant peak excitation intensities are 106 times greater than the CW intensities used in confocal microscopy, but the pulse duty cycle of 10-5 maintains the average input power on the order of 10 mW, only slightly greater than the power normally used in confocal microscopy.

Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy in living systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 154-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Piston
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Singlet State ◽  
Excited Electronic State ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Simultaneous Absorption ◽  
Photon Excitation ◽  
Very High ◽  
Two Photon Excitation

Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy provides attractive advantages over confocal microscopy for three-dimensionally resolved fluorescence imaging. Two-photon excitation arises from the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a single quantitized event whose probability is proportional to the square of the instantaneous intensity. For example, two red photons can cause the transition to an excited electronic state normally reached by absorption in the ultraviolet. In our fluorescence experiments, the final excited state is the same singlet state that is populated during a conventional fluorescence experiment. Thus, the fluorophore exhibits the same emission properties (e.g. wavelength shifts, environmental sensitivity) used in typical biological microscopy studies. In practice, two-photon excitation is made possible by the very high local instantaneous intensity provided by a combination of diffraction-limited focusing of a single laser beam in the microscope and the temporal concentration of 100 femtosecond pulses generated by a mode-locked laser. Resultant peak excitation intensities are 106 times greater than the CW intensities used in confocal microscopy, but the pulse duty cycle of 10−5 maintains the average input power on the order of 10 mW, only slightly greater than the power normally used in confocal microscopy.

A Unified Theory of Voting

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Merrill, III ◽  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Unified Theory

A Unified Theory of Party Competition

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Adams ◽  
Samuel Merrill III ◽  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Party Competition ◽  
Unified Theory
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