Contribution of Taurine Signatures in the Detached Cat Retina

2015 ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Shumin Wang ◽  
Shinya Okita ◽  
Toshihiro Kato ◽  
Shiwen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cat Retina

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Action and localization of acetylcholine in the cat retina

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmidt ◽  
M. F. Humphrey ◽  
H. Wassle
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

1. Retinal ganglion cells were recorded extracellularly in the intact eye of anesthetized adult cats. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (Sco), the nicotinic antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DBE), and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (Phy) on maintained and light-evoked ganglion cell discharge was examined using iontophoresis techniques. 2. A monoclonal antibody directed against the ACh synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used to label cholinergic cells in retinal wholemounts. The topographical distribution of these cells was studied. 3. Intracellular filling with the fluorescent dye lucifer yellow (LY) was performed to identify the dendritic morphology of putative cholinergic neurons. 4. ACh increased and Sco decreased neuronal activity of all brisk ganglion cell types under all stimulus conditions tested in this study. The action of ACh was abolished during simultaneous application of Sco. 5. DBE raised the firing rate of ON-center brisk cells and decreased activity of OFF-center brisk cells. Again there was no difference under different stimulus conditions. During DBE application the ACh action on OFF-center cells was completely blocked. The ACh action on ON-center cells was diminished. 6. Phy prolonged and enhanced ACh action on all ganglion cell types. During simultaneous stimulation of the receptive-field center and the surround, Phy caused an activity shift in favor of the center response. 7. Immunocytochemical staining revealed two populations of amacrine cells, one in the inner nuclear layer, and the other in the ganglion cell layer. Their total density increased from 250 cells/mm2 in the periphery to 2,700 cells/mm2 in the central area. Analysis of the distribution pattern indicated a functional independence of the two subpopulations. 8. The dendritic morphology of putative cholinergic amacrine cells in the cat retina resembled that of rabbit and rat "starburst" amacrines, which are known to be cholinergic. 9. The possible function of cholinergic amacrine cells in the cat retina is discussed in view of the present findings and compared with results from other mammalian species.

Light-dependent hydration of the space surrounding photoreceptors in the cat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Dong Li ◽  
Victor I. Govardovskii ◽  
Roy H. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Subretinal Space ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Physiological Event ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Interphotoreceptor Matrix ◽  
Space Marker

AbstractWe have studied the effect of retinal illumination on the concentration of the extracellular space marker tetramethylammonium (TMA+) in the dark-adapted cat retina using double-barreled ion-selective microelectrodes. The retina was loaded with TMA+ by a single intravitreal injection. Retinal illumination produced a slow decrease in , which was maximal in amplitude in the most distal portion of the space surrounding photoreceptors, the subretinal space. The light-evoked decrease in was considerably slower and of a different overall time course than the light-evoked decrease in , also recorded in the subretinal space. decreased to a peak at 38 s after the onset of illumination, then slowly recovered towards the baseline, and transiently increased following the offset of illumination. It resembled the light-evoked decreases previously recorded in the in vitro preparations of frog (Huang & Karwoski, 1990, 1992) and chick (Li et al., 1992, 1994) but was considerably larger in amplitude, 22% compared with 7%. As in frog, where it was first recorded, the light-evoked decrease is considered to originate from a light-evoked increase in the volume of the subretinal space (or subretinal hydration). A mathematical model accounting for diffusion predicted that the volume increase underlying the response was 63% on average and could be as large as 95% and last for minutes. The estimated volume increase was then used to examine its effect on K+ concentration in the subretinal space. We conclude that a light-dependent hydration of the subretinal space represents a significant physiological event in the intact cat eye, which should affect the organization of the interphotoreceptor matrix, and the concentrations of all ions and metabolites located in the subretinal space.

Dopamine and serotonin in cat retina: electroretinography and histology

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Skrandies ◽  
H. W�ssle
Keyword(s):  
Cat Retina

Localization of glycine uptake and receptors in the cat retina

1987 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutta Jäger ◽  
Heinz Wässle
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Uptake ◽  
Cat Retina

Effects of Ischemia-Reperfusion on Light-Evoked Alkalinization Outside Rod Photoreceptors in the Cat Retina

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Fumiaki Yamamoto ◽  
Kano Hiroi ◽  
Yoshihito Honda
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Cat Retina

Calcium gradients and light-evoked calcium changes outside rods in the intact cat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron P. Gallemore ◽  
Jian-Dong Li ◽  
Victor I. Govardovskii ◽  
Roy H. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Subretinal Space ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rod Outer Segments ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Dependent Sources

AbstractWe have studied light-evoked changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration in the intact cat eye using ion-sensitive double-barreled microelectrodes. Two prominent changes in Ca2+ concentration were observed that differed in retinal location. There was a light-evoked increase in accompanied by brief ON and OFF transients, which was maximal in the inner plexiform layer and was not further studied. There was an unexpected sustained light-evoked decrease in of relatively rapid onset and offset, which was maximal in the distalmost region of the subretinal space (SRS). in the SRS was 1.0 mM higher than in the vitreous humor during dark adaptation and this transretinal gradient disappeared during rod-saturating illumination. After correcting for the light-evoked increase in the volume of the SRS, an increase in the total Ca2+ content of the SRS during illumination was revealed, which presumably represents the Ca2+ released by rods. To explain the light-evoked changes, we used the diffusion model described in the accompanying paper (Li et al., 1994b), with the addition of light-dependent sources of Ca2+ at the retina/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) border and rod outer segments. We conclude that a drop in around photoreceptors, which persists during illumination and reduces a transretinal Ca2+ gradient, is the combined effect of the light-evoked SRS volume increase, Ca2+ release from photoreceptors, and an unidentified mechanism(s), which is presumably Ca2+ transport by the RPE. The relatively rapid onset and offset of the decrease remains unexplained. These steady-state shifts in should have significant effects on photoreceptor function, especially adaptation.

Relation between Ganglion Cell Activity and the Local Electroretinogram of Cat Retina

Nature ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 216 (5119) ◽  
pp. 1008-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROY H. STEINBERG
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cat Retina

The morphology and topographic distribution of AII amacrine cells in the cat retina

1985 ◽  
Vol 224 (1237) ◽  
pp. 475-488 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Superior Margin ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells

When cat retina is incubated in vitro with the fluorescent dye, 4',6- diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI), a uniform population of neurons is brightly labelled at the inner border of the inner nuclear layer. The dendritic morphology of the DAPI-labelled cells was defined by iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow under direct microscopic control: all the filled cells had the narrow-field bistratified morphology that is distinctive of the A ll amacrine cells previously described from Golgistained retinae. Although the A ll amacrines are principal interneurons in the rod-signal pathway, their density distribution does not follow the topography of the rod receptors, but peaks in the central area like the cone receptors and the ganglion cells. There are some 512000 A ll amacrines in the cat retina and their density ranges from 500 cells per square millimetre at the superior margin to 5300 cells per square millimetre in the centre (retinal area is 450 mm2). The isodensity contours are kite-shaped, particularly at intermediate densities, with a horizontal elongation towards nasal retina. The cell body size and the dendritic dimensions of A ll amacrines increase with decreasing cell density. The lobular dendrites in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer span a restricted field of 16—45 pm diameter, while the arboreal dendrites in sublamina b form a varicose tree of 18—95 pm diameter. The dendritic field coverage of the lobular appendages is close to 1.0 (+ 0.2) at all eccentricities whereas the coverage of the arboreal dendrites doubles within the first 1.5 mm and then remains constant at 3.8 ( + 0.7) throughout the periphery.

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