Purpose: Various suprapubic catheter insertion simulators have been described to aid in the training of this fundamental skill. The purpose of this review was to evaluate and critically appraise all validated simulators. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, British Medical Journal and the Embase databases were searched (March 2018), by using key search terms “suprapubic trainer”, “suprapubic model”, “suprapubic simulation” and “suprapubic simulator”. Results: A total of 196 articles were identified; 117 unrelated, 53 animal studies and 20 duplications. Only 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The median number of participants per study was 30.5. Material costs ranged from 1.71 to 60 dollars per model. Only 2 studies incorporated the use of ultrasound. Conclusion: Despite validated suprapubic catheter insertion models being a specially needed learning resource, only few have been described-mostly for not resourceful environments. There exists a general lack of guidelines on model validation processes. There is a need to develop, appropriately validate and integrate models into training curriculum.
A Systematic Review of the World of Validated Suprapubic Catheter Insertion Simulation Trainers: From ‘Head-Blocks' to ‘Lunch Boxes'
