This chapter proves that Bruhat-Tits buildings exist. It begins with a few definitions and simple observations about quadratic forms, including a 1-fold Pfister form, followed by a discussion of the existence part of the Structure Theorem for complete discretely valued fields due to H. Hasse and F. K. Schmidt. It then considers the generic unramified cases; the generic semi-ramified cases, the generic ramified cases, the wild unramified cases, the wild semi-ramified cases, and the wild ramified cases. These cases range from a unique unramified quadratic space to an unramified separable quadratic extension, a tamely ramified division algebra, a ramified separable quadratic extension, and a unique unramified quaternion division algebra. The chapter also describes ramified quaternion division algebras D₁, D₂, and D₃ over K containing a common subfield E such that E/K is a ramified separable extension.
This chapter assumes that (K, L, q) is a totally wild quadratic space of type E₇. The goal is to prove the proposition that takes into account Λ of type E₇, D as the quaternion division algebra over K whose image in Br(K) is the Clifford invariant of q, and the trace and trace map. The chapter also considers two other propositions: the first states that if the trace map is not equal to zero, then the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are not indifferent; the second states that if the trace map is equal to zero, then the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are both indifferent.
This chapter proves several more results about weak isomorphisms between Moufang sets arising from quadratic forms and involutory sets. It first fixes a non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space Λ = (K, L, q) before considering two proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic spaces. It then describes a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, a second quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, and an involutory set with a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution. It concludes with one more small observation regarding a pointed anisotropic quadratic space and shows that there is a unique multiplication on L that turns L into an integral domain with a multiplicative identity.
AbstractIn this paper, we obtain Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional equationsf (x + y, z + w) + f (x − y, z − w) = 2f (x, z) + 2f (y, w),f (x + y, z − w) + f (x − y, z + w) = 2f (x, z) + 2f (y, w)andf (x + y, z − w) + f (x − y, z + w) = 2f (x, z) − 2f (y, w)in 2-Banach spaces. The quadratic forms ax2 + bxy + cy2, ax2 + by2 and axy are solutions of the above functional equations, respectively.
Abstract
It is shown that the cardinality of a finite semi-algebraic subset over a real closed field can be computed in terms of signatures of effectively constructed quadratic forms.
Hyers-Ulam stability of quadratic forms in 2-normed spaces