A Computational Model of the Amygdala Nuclei’s Role in Second Order Conditioning

2008 ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Mannella ◽  
Stefano Zappacosta ◽  
Marco Mirolli ◽  
Gianluca Baldassarre
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

scholarly journals Neurotoxic Lesions of Basolateral, But Not Central, Amygdala Interfere with Pavlovian Second-Order Conditioning and Reinforcer Devaluation Effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 5256-5265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Hatfield ◽  
Jung-Soo Han ◽  
Michael Conley ◽  
Michela Gallagher ◽  
Peter Holland
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Reinforcer Devaluation ◽  
Neurotoxic Lesions

scholarly journals Excitatory second-order conditioning using a backward first-order conditioned stimulus: A challenge for prediction error reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Vinca Rivière ◽  
Jean-Claude Darcheville ◽  
Gonzalo P Urcelay ◽  
Ralph R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcer ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Opponent Processes

Prével and colleagues reported excitatory learning with a backward conditioned stimulus (CS) in a conditioned reinforcement preparation. Their results add to existing evidence of backward CSs sometimes being excitatory and were viewed as challenging the view that learning is driven by prediction error reduction, which assumes that only predictive (i.e., forward) relationships are learned. The results instead were consistent with the assumptions of both Miller’s Temporal Coding Hypothesis and Wagner’s Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model. The present experiment extended the conditioned reinforcement preparation developed by Prével et al. to a backward second-order conditioning preparation, with the aim of discriminating between these two accounts. We tested whether a second-order CS can serve as an effective conditioned reinforcer, even when the first-order CS with which it was paired is a backward CS that elicits no responding. Evidence of conditioned reinforcement was found, despite no conditioned response (CR) being elicited by the first-order backward CS. The evidence of second-order conditioning in the absence of excitatory conditioning to the first-order CS is interpreted as a challenge to SOP. In contrast, the present results are consistent with the Temporal Coding Hypothesis and constitute a conceptual replication in humans of previous reports of excitatory second-order conditioning in rodents with a backward CS. The proposal is made that learning is driven by “discrepancy” with prior experience as opposed to “ prediction error.”

scholarly journals Comparing the magnitudes of second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning effects

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Barnet ◽  
Nicholas J. Grahame ◽  
Ralph R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Sensory Preconditioning ◽  
Order Conditioning

Mechanisms of second-order conditioning with a backward conditioned stimulus.

2000 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Williams ◽  
Jennifer L. Hurlburt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

scholarly journals Toward a Model of Situations and Their Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-283
Author(s):  
Robert Aunger
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Causal Network ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
Behavior Settings ◽  
Naturalistic Theory ◽  
Further Development

Developing a widely accepted theory of behavior causation has been hampered by the lack of a rigorous approach to understanding the kinds of determinants at work. Interest in behavior change is also burgeoning, and requires a profound understanding of how personal and environmental determinants interact dynamically to predict changed behavioral outcomes. Behavior settings theory, a powerful naturalistic theory with a huge empirical underpinning, has long been available for describing the recurrent, everyday behavioral episodes in which many social and psychological scientists are interested. In this article, I review settings theory and update it in the light of a number of recent contributions from various quarters. I argue that this syncretic model should be seen as defining the proximate causal network surrounding these common behavioral episodes, which I call “situations.” I further propose that “contexts” should be thought of as the more distal, second-order causes circumscribing situations. I argue that these situational and contextual “spheres” of causation are a powerful way to understand behavior determination. I conclude by introducing a quasi-computational model of situations that is worthy of the further development necessary to make psychology a predictive science of behavioral causation and change.

Reinforcement magnitude effects in first- and second-order conditioning of directed action

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M O'Connell ◽  
Michael E Rashotte
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Reinforcement Magnitude ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Directed Action

scholarly journals The second-order conditioning of fear in rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Kamil
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

An analysis of the facilitative effect of similarity on second-order conditioning.

1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Rescorla ◽  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Facilitative Effect ◽  
Order Conditioning
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