Environmental Change and Human Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Schistosoma mansoni around Lake Victoria

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (13) ◽  
pp. 1937-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. STANDLEY ◽  
N. B. KABATEREINE ◽  
C. N. LANGE ◽  
N. J. S. LWAMBO ◽  
J. R. STOTHARD
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Coi Sequences

SUMMARYIntestinal schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, and is endemic in communities around Lake Victoria. Interest is growing in the molecular evolution and population genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni and we describe a detailed analysis of the molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of S. mansoni from Lake Victoria. In total, 388 cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) sequences were obtained from 25 sites along the Ugandan, Tanzanian and Kenyan shorelines of Lake Victoria, and 122 unique barcodes were identified; 9 corresponded to previously discovered barcodes from Lakes Victoria and Albert. A subset of the data, composed of COI sequences from miracidia from 10 individual children, was used for population genetics analyses; these results were corroborated by microsatellite analysis of 4 isolates of lab-passaged adult worms. Overall, 12 barcodes were found to be shared across all 3 countries, whereas the majority occurred singly and were locally restricted. The population genetics analyses were in agreement in revealing high diversity at the level of the human host and negligible population structuring by location. The lack of correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance in these data may be attributed to the confounding influence of high intra-individual diversity as well as human migration between communities.

Environmental change in Sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Mills ◽  
Simon J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals African origin for Madagascan dogs revealed by mtDNA analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 140552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Ardalan ◽  
Mattias C. R. Oskarsson ◽  
Barbara van Asch ◽  
Elisabeth Rabakonandriania ◽  
Peter Savolainen
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Control Region Sequences ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Madagascar was one of the last major land masses to be inhabited by humans. It was initially colonized by Austronesian speaking Indonesians 1500–2000 years ago, but subsequent migration from Africa has resulted in approximately equal genetic contributions from Indonesia and Africa, and the material culture has mainly African influences. The dog, along with the pig and the chicken, was part of the Austronesian Neolithic culture, and was furthermore the only domestic animal to accompany humans to every continent in ancient times. To illuminate Madagascan cultural origins and track the initial worldwide dispersal of dogs, we here investigated the ancestry of Madagascan dogs. We analysed mtDNA control region sequences in dogs from Madagascar ( n =145) and compared it with that from potential ancestral populations in Island Southeast Asia ( n =219) and sub-Saharan Africa ( n =493). We found that 90% of the Madagascan dogs carried a haplotype that was also present in sub-Saharan Africa and that the remaining lineages could all be attributed to a likely origin in Africa. By contrast, only 26% of Madagascan dogs shared haplotypes with Indonesian dogs, and one haplotype typical for Austronesian dogs, carried by more than 40% of Indonesian and Polynesian dogs, was absent among the Madagascan dogs. Thus, in contrast to the human population, Madagascan dogs seem to trace their origin entirely from Africa. These results suggest that dogs were not brought to Madagascar by the initial Austronesian speaking colonizers on their transoceanic voyage, but were introduced at a later stage, together with human migration and cultural influence from Africa.

Telling Environmental Change Like It Is? Reflections on a Study in Sub-Saharan Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Bernstein ◽  
Philip Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Major subpopulations of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6455) ◽  
pp. 813-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Amambua-Ngwa ◽  
Lucas Amenga-Etego ◽  
Edwin Kamau ◽  
Roberto Amato ◽  
Anita Ghansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Signature Of Selection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Parasite Populations

Understanding genomic variation and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum across Africa is necessary to sustain progress toward malaria elimination. Genome clustering of 2263 P. falciparum isolates from 24 malaria-endemic settings in 15 African countries identified major western, central, and eastern ancestries, plus a highly divergent Ethiopian population. Ancestry aligned to these regional blocs, overlapping with both the parasite’s origin and with historical human migration. The parasite populations are interbred and shared genomic haplotypes, especially across drug resistance loci, which showed the strongest recent identity-by-descent between populations. A recent signature of selection on chromosome 12 with candidate resistance loci against artemisinin derivatives was evident in Ghana and Malawi. Such selection and the emerging substructure may affect treatment-based intervention strategies against P. falciparum malaria.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

Mortality and Society in Sub-Saharan Africa

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-556
Author(s):  
Lado Ruzicka
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-142
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan
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