Six populations of the freshwater red alga Batrachospermum delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle, including gametophyte and 'Chantransia' stage, were analysed in culture and natural conditions applying chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution. Parameters derived from the photosynthesis-irradiance curves indicated adaptation to low irradiance for all populations, which was characterized by photoinhibition, low values of Ik and Ic and high values of a. Data from both techniques revealed significant differences among populations and phases for most photosynthetic parameters. Similarly, photosynthesis responded differently to variations in temperature in each population with similar rates under a wide range of temperature. No consistent pattern was found when the same population or phase was tested, suggesting high capacity to adjust the photosynthetic apparatus to distinct conditions of irradiance and temperature. pH experiments showed a decreasing trend towards higher pH or higher rates at pH 6.5, suggesting, respectively, higher affinity to inorganic carbon as CO2 or indistinct use of bicarbonate and CO2. The diurnal pattern of photosynthesis essentially agree with that for seaweeds and freshwater red algae, consisting of two peaks: a first (generally higher) during the morning and a second (typically lower) in the afternoon. Photosynthetic characteristics of B. delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisleexhibited a wide range of responses to irradiance, temperature and pH/inorganic carbon, reflecting its wide tolerance to these variables, which probably contributes to its wide spatial and temporal distribution.
Isolation and characterization of a Photosystem II complex from the red alga Cyanidium caldarium: association of cytochrome c-550 and a 12 kDa protein with the complex