Anatomy and physiology of identified wind-sensitive local interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system

1991 ◽  
Vol 168 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
DeanaA. Bodnar ◽  
JohnP. Miller ◽  
GwenA. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Sensory System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Local Interneurons

The anatomy and physiology of the posterior stomach nerve (p.s.n.) in some decapod crustacea

1969 ◽  
Vol 171 (1025) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory System ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Cancer Pagurus ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
Decapod Crustacea ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Repetitive Electrical Stimulation

One of the major paired nerves in the decapod stomatogastric nervous system innervates the posterior part of the gastric mill. The morphology has been completely described previously only in Pugettia producta . This nerve is called the posterior stomach nerve (p.s.n.) in this paper. It is redescribed for Homarus vulgaris , and less detailed information is given for Palinurus vulgaris and Cancer pagurus . In these three species the p.s.n. contains numerous cell bodies. The majority of the cells are in one group and the long distal processes of these cells form a large proportion of the fibres in the nerve which runs to the gastric mill. Many of these fibres terminate by ramifying in the connective tissue which invests the ossicles of the gastric mill. The Brachyuran C. pagurus was used for most of the physiological experiments reported here. Only a small percentage of the animals exhibited spontaneous movements of the gastric mill when the carapace was removed and this activity ceased rapidly. However, a cycle of movements was usually observed in the active gastric mills and the p.s.n. contains many elements which respond to these normal movements. The p.s.n. does not appear to contain motor fibres. In tracellular recordings show that cells in the p.s.n. are proprioceptors. The distal processes of the major group of cells are morphologically dendrites, but they probably support action potentials. Repetitive electrical stimulation of a p.s.n. when it is isolated from the gastric mill evokes changes in the outut from the stomatogastric ganglion. The p.s.n. sensory system could therefore function in the normal reflex control of the activity of the gastric mill. This investigation may assist in the analysis of the functions of the stomato ­ gastric ganglion.

scholarly journals Human Olfaction

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory System ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Resources ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Historical Issues ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Human Olfaction

Olfaction, or sense of smell, is one of the many sensory/perceptual systems that humans use to process external stimuli. Human olfaction is relatively understudied. More literature has focused on olfaction in animals for which olfaction plays a larger role in critical functioning and survival. This bibliography provides key resources for information about human olfaction and then outlines twelve general topics that are of considerable value to understanding this primary sensory system. It begins by providing some general resources that outline the functions of olfaction in humans. Next, it explores the anatomy and physiology of the human olfactory system, recognizing that our understanding has been largely guided by studying animals. It addresses several important theories of human olfaction, including ones that have attempted to understand the initial receptor-level processing of stimuli and ones that have been developed to explain the whole system. After considering some historical issues in studying olfaction, it outlines the various ways that human olfaction is studied. It considers some issues in olfaction that are related to cognitive processes, such as language and memory. A critical topic in the chemical senses of smell and taste that is somewhat less relevant in other sensory systems is that of hedonics (pleasure or liking). This bibliography explores sex differences, which, though small, seem to be more prevalent than in other sensory systems. In addition, this bibliography explores the effect of age on olfaction, both in terms of the development of olfaction in children and the decline of olfaction in aging. The entry ends with clinical implications, primarily of smell loss. In light of the Covid-19 pandemic, which brought newfound appreciation for the importance of sense of smell in human experience, a summary of the effect of Covid-19 on human sense of smell is included. In this bibliography pioneering studies are emphasized, although reviews are included in cases where the literature is too extensive to be summed up by single studies.

COMPELLING CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATIONS THAT LINK VISUAL SYSTEM ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOUR

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. O’Drobinak ◽  
Charles B. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Student Evaluation ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Neural Adaptation ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

One of our approaches to teaching a course in anatomy and physiology is to stress the fundamental, systems-level concepts. One successful strategy we use is to continually highlight the relationships among anatomy, physiology, and behavior. In this article, we describe a set of classroom demonstrations that stress these links while fostering critical thinking. These demonstrations, on the topic of sensory system structure and function, rely on two perceptual consequences of neural adaptation in the visual system: afterimages and aftereffects. Viewing specific visual stimuli under binocular or monocular conditions with interocular transfer permits several concepts to be observed and discussed, including neural adaptation, anatomical and functional segregation of visual system pathways, and the relationship among visual system structure, function, and perception. This article discusses how to produce and present the required visual stimuli, suggests a set of questions to stimulate critical thinking, and presents student evaluation of this activity.

Predicting spatial activity patterns in a neural map from a probabilistic atlas of 3-D reconstructed neurons

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 812-813
Author(s):  
G. Jacobs ◽  
F. Theunissen
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Probabilistic Atlas ◽  
Uniform Sample ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Visualization Techniques

In order to understand how the algorithms underlying neural computation are implemented within any neural system, it is necessary to understand details of the anatomy, physiology and global organization of the neurons from which the system is constructed. Information is represented in neural systems by patterns of activity that vary in both their spatial extent and in the time domain. One of the great challenges to microscopists is to devise methods for imaging these patterns of activity and to correlate them with the underlying neuroanatomy and physiology. We have addressed this problem by using a combination of three dimensional reconstruction techniques, quantitative analysis and computer visualization techniques to build a probabilistic atlas of a neural map in an insect sensory system. The principal goal of this study was to derive a quantitative representation of the map, based on a uniform sample of afferents that was of sufficient size to allow statistically meaningful analyses of the relationships between structure and function.

Five Decades of Research Experience in Speech Anatomy and Physiology

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
David P. Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
Ohio State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
University Of Iowa ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Ohio State University ◽  
Speech Science ◽  
The University ◽  
East Carolina University

This report highlights some of the major developments in the area of speech anatomy and physiology drawing from the author's own research experience during his years at the University of Iowa and the University of Illinois. He has benefited greatly from mentors including Professors James Curtis, Kenneth Moll, and Hughlett Morris at the University of Iowa and Professor Paul Lauterbur at the University of Illinois. Many colleagues have contributed to the author's work, especially Professors Jerald Moon at the University of Iowa, Bradley Sutton at the University of Illinois, Jamie Perry at East Carolina University, and Youkyung Bae at the Ohio State University. The strength of these researchers and their students bodes well for future advances in knowledge in this important area of speech science.

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