1. We investigated the responses of cat lumbosacral Renshaw cells to pseudo-Poison stimulus sequences (of three different mean rates) delivered to motor axons in ventral roots or various muscle nerves. The Renshaw cell responses were evaluated by computation of peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). 2. PSTHs computed with respect to all the stimuli showed, before the reference time, near-constant bin contents corresponding to the mean firing probability (rate), and an initial excitatory component (increase in discharge probability) after the reference time, followed by a small but longer-lasting reduction of firing rate. These two response components were strongly correlated linearly. It is suggested that the postexcitatory rate reduction is predominantly due to afterhyperpolarization. 3. In general, Renshaw cell responses to any stimulus in a stimulus train depended upon the stimulation history. In the averaged record, the response to the second of a pair of stimuli was affected by the first stimulus independently of intervening (random) stimuli. Very often, the second response showed a long-lasting depression (from 25 to greater than 250 ms). In a number of cases a briefer facilitating effect preceded the depression. 4. These conditioning effects were largely homosynaptic, i.e., confined to the particular input channel that was stimulated. This was shown by stimulating two different nerves (or nerve branches) with independent random patterns of similar mean rates and determining the cross-conditioning exerted by one input channel on the excitatory effects of the other. At small intervals between conditioning and test stimuli of some tens of milliseconds, a facilitatory effect could often be seen, which almost certainly reflected spatial summation. However, the subsequent depressant effect was largely accounted for by the postexcitatory rate reduction consequent to the conditioning stimulus in the parallel channel. Autoconditioning was still present. 5. The amount of facilitation and depression as well as their balance depended on the average Renshaw cell response. This in turn depended, at each mean stimulus rate, on the strength of synaptic coupling between an input channel and the cell, and on the mean stimulus rate, declining with an increase in mean rate. That is, the facilitation increased and the depression decreased with decreasing synaptic coupling and increasing mean stimulus rate. 6. Several factors may contribute to facilitation and depression; these are discussed with respect to their relative quantitative significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
