On the gravitational-charge quantization condition

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Gravitational Charge

On Schwinger even integer charge quantization condition

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-280
Author(s):  
H. J. Efinger
Keyword(s):  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Charge Quantization

scholarly journals Ions, Protons, and Photons as Signatures of Monopoles

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Vento
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Charge ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Dirac Quantization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Charged Ions

Magnetic monopoles have been a subject of interest since Dirac established the relationship between the existence of monopoles and charge quantization. The Dirac quantization condition bestows the monopole with a huge magnetic charge. The aim of this study was to determine whether this huge magnetic charge allows monopoles to be detected by the scattering of charged ions and protons on matter where they might be bound. We also analyze if this charge favors monopolium (monopole–antimonopole) annihilation into many photons over two photon decays.

Monopole charge quantization and the Aharonov–Bohm effect

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 737-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kunstatter
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Simple Derivation ◽  
Asymptotic Field ◽  
Dirac Monopole ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Bohm Effect ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Aharonov Bohm ◽  
Electrically Charged

We present a simple derivation of the Dirac monopole charge quantization condition, making explicit use of the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Since only the asymptotic field lines of the monopole play a crucial role, this derivation clearly shows that the quantization condition must hold unless the electrically charged particle and the monopole exchange new long-range forces. In particular, this implies that Cabrera's monopole event would be consistent with Fairbank's observations of free quarks only if the monopole carried long-range (unconfined) colour-magnetic fields.

scholarly journals Elliptical Tracks: Evidence for Superluminal Electrons?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Semi Major Axis ◽  
Relativistic Mass ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Particle Tracks

In the literature of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), particle tracks in photographic emulsions (and other materials) associated with certain electrical discharges have been reported. Some Russian and French researchers have considered these particles to be magnetic monopoles. These tracks correspond directly to tracks created with a simple uniform exposure to photons without an electrical discharge source. This simpler method of producing tracks supports a comprehensive exploration of particle track properties. Out of 750 exposures with this method, elliptical particle tracks were detected, 22 of which were compared to Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits. Ellipses fitted to the tracks were found to have quantized semi-major axis sizes with ratios of ≈n2/α2 to corresponding Bohr-Sommerfeld hydrogen ellipses. This prompts inquiry relevant to magnetic monopoles due to the n2/α2 force difference between magnetic charge and electric charge using the Schwinger quantization condition. A model using analogy with the electron indicates that the elliptical tracks could be created by a bound magnetically charged particle with mass mm = 1.45 × 10-3 eV/c2, yet with superluminal velocities. Using a modified extended relativity model, mm becomes the relativistic mass of a superluminal electron, with m0 = 5.11 × 10-3 eV/c2, the fine structure constant becomes a mass ratio and charge quantization is the result of two states of the electron.

THE EXTRA GAUGE SYMMETRY OF STRING DEFORMATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETISM WITH CHARGES AND DIRAC MONOPOLES

1992 ◽  
Vol 07 (19) ◽  
pp. 4693-4705 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KLEINERT
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Symmetry ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Particle Orbits ◽  
Local Gauge Invariance ◽  
Physical Consequences

We point out that electromagnetism with Dirac magnetic monopoles harbors an extra local gauge invariance called monopole gauge invariance. The gauge transformations act on a gauge field of monopoles [Formula: see text] and are independent of the ordinary electromagnetic gauge invariance. The extra invariance expresses the physical irrelevance of the shape of the Dirac strings attached to the monopoles. The independent nature of the new gauge symmetry is illustrated by comparison with two other systems, superfluids and solids, which are not gauge-invariant from the outset but which nevertheless possess a precise analog of the monopole gauge invariance in their vortex and defect structure, respectively. The extra monopole gauge invariance is shown to be responsible for the Dirac charge quantization condition 2eg/ħc=integer, which can now be proved for any fixed particle orbits, i.e. without invoking fluctuating orbits which would correspond to the standard derivation using Schrödinger wave functions. The only place where quantum physics enters in our theory is by admitting the action to jump by 2πħ×integer without physical consequences when moving the string at fixed particle orbits.

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