Kibble mechanism for electroweak magnetic monopoles and magnetic fields

The vacuum manifold of the standard electroweak model is a three-sphere when one considers homogeneous Higgs field configurations. For inhomogeneous configurations we argue that the vacuum manifold is the Hopf fibered three sphere and that this viewpoint leads to general criteria to detect electroweak monopoles and Z-strings. We extend the Kibble mechanism to study the formation of electroweak monopoles and strings during electroweak symmetry breaking. The distribution of magnetic monopoles produces magnetic fields that have a spectrum Bλ ∝ λ−2, where λ is a smearing length scale. Even as the magnetic monopoles annihilate due to the confining Z-strings, the magnetic field evolves with the turbulent plasma and may be relevant for cosmological observations.

How One can Repair Non-integrable Kahan Discretizations. II. A Planar System with Invariant Curves of Degree 6

We find a novel one-parameter family of integrable quadratic Cremona maps of the plane preserving a pencil of curves of degree 6 and of genus 1. They turn out to serve as Kahan-type discretizations of a novel family of quadratic vector fields possessing a polynomial integral of degree 6 whose level curves are of genus 1, as well. These vector fields are non-homogeneous generalizations of reduced Nahm systems for magnetic monopoles with icosahedral symmetry, introduced by Hitchin, Manton and Murray. The straightforward Kahan discretization of these novel non-homogeneous systems is non-integrable. However, this drawback is repaired by introducing adjustments of order $$O(\epsilon ^2)$$ O ( ϵ 2 ) in the coefficients of the discretization, where $$\epsilon $$ ϵ is the stepsize.

Pair production of magnetic monopoles and stable high-electric-charge objects in proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions

We describe pair-production models of spin-0 and spin-½ magnetic monopoles and high-electric-charge objects in proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions, considering both the Drell-Yan and the photon-fusion processes. In particular, we extend the Drell-Yan production model of spin-½ high-electric-charge objects to include Z0-boson exchange for proton-proton collisions. Furthermore, we explore spin-½ and, for the first time, spin-0 production in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions. With matrix element calculations and equivalent photon fluxes implemented in MadGraph5_aMC@NLO, we present leading-order production cross sections of these mechanisms in √s = 14 TeV proton-proton collisions and √sNN = 5.5 TeV ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions at the LHC. While the mass range accessible in ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions is much lower than that in proton-proton collisions, we find that the theoretical production cross sections are significantly enhanced in the former for masses below 82 GeV.

Lorentz-invariant system with quantum mechanical properties

In this work we study potential fluids, within which eddies exist which have quantum mechanical properties because according to Helmholtz they are made up of an integer number of lines and their displacement in a potential medium is a function of a frequency. However, this system is Lorentz-invariant since Maxwell’s equations can be obtained from it, and this is what we demonstrate here. The considered hypothesis is that the electric charge arises naturally as the intensity of the eddy in the potential fluid, that is, the circulation of the velocity vector of the elements that constitute it, along that potential (it is not another parameter, whose experimental value must be added, as proposed by the standard model of elementary particles). Hence, the electric field appears as the rotational of the velocity field, at each point of the potential medium, and the magnetic field appears as the variation with respect to the velocity field of the potential medium, which is equivalent to the Biot and Savart law. From these considerations, Maxwell’s equations are reached, in particular his second equation which is the non-existence of magnetic monopoles, and the fourth equation which is Ampere’s law, both of which to date are obtained empirically demonstrated theoretically. The electromagnetic field propagation equation is also arrived at, thus this can be considered a demonstration that a potential medium in which eddies exist constitutes a Lorentz-invariant with quantum mechanical properties.

Gravity beyond Einstein? Part III: numbers and coupling constants, contradictory experiments, hypercomplex gravity like-fields, propellantless space propulsion

This article, the last in a series of three articles, attempts to unravel the underlying physics of recent experiments regarding the contradictory properties of the neutron lifetime that has been a complete riddle for quite some time. So far, none of the advanced theories beyond the Standard Models (SMs) of particle physics and cosmology have shown sufficient potential to resolve this mystery. We also try to explain the blatant contradiction between the predictions of particle physics and experiments concerning the nature and properties of the (so far undetected) dark matter and dark energy particles. To this end the novel concepts of both negative and hypercomplex matter (giving rise to the concept of matter flavor) are introduced, replacing the field of real numbers by hypercomplex numbers. This extension of the number system in physics leads to both novel internal symmetries requiring new elementary particles – as outlined in Part I and II, and to novel types of matter. Hypercomplex numbers are employed in place of the widely accepted (but never observed) concept of extra space dimensions – and, hence, also to question the corresponding concept of supersymmetry. To corroborate this claim, we report on the latest experimental searches for novel and supersymmetric elementary particles by direct searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and other colliders as well as numerous other dedicated experiments that all have come up empty handed. The same holds true for the dark matter search at European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) [CERN Courier Team, “Funky physics at KIT,” in CERN Courier, 2020, p. 11]. In addition, new experiments looking for dark or hidden photons (e.g., FUNK at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, CAST at CERN, and ALPS at Desy, Hamburg) are discussed that all produced negative results for the existence of the hitherto unseen but nevertheless gravitationally noticeably dark matter. In view of this contradicting outcome, we suggest a four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, assumed to be a quasi de Sitter space, dS 1,3, complemented by a dual spacetime, denoted by DdS 1,3, in which the dark matter particles that are supposed to be of negative mass reside. This space is endowed with an imaginary time coordinate, −it and an imaginary speed of light, ic. This means that time is considered a complex quantity, but energy m(ic)2 > 0. With this construction visible and dark matter both represent positive energies, and hence gravitation makes no distinction between these two types of matter. As dark matter is supposed to reside in dual space DdS 1,3, it is principally undetectable in our spacetime. That this is evident has been confirmed by numerous astrophysical observations. As the concept of matter flavor may possibly resolve the contradictory experimental results concerning the lifetime of the neutron [J. T. Wilson, “Space based measurement of the neutron lifetime using data from the neutron spectrometer on NASA’s messenger mission,” Phys. Rev. Res., vol. 2, p. 023216, 2020] this fact could be considered as a first experimental hint for the actual existence of hypercomplex matter. In canonical gravity the conversion of electromagnetic into gravity-like fields (as surmised by Faraday and Einstein) should be possible, but not in cosmological gravity (hence these attempts did not succeed), and thus these conversion fields are outside general relativity. In addition, the concept of hypercomplex mass in conjunction with magnetic monopoles emerging from spin ice materials is discussed that may provide the enabling technology for long sought propellantless space propulsion.

Search for relativistic magnetic monopoles with ten years of the ANTARES detector data

The presented study is an updated search for Magnetic Monopoles (MMs) using data taken with the ANTARES neutrino telescope over a period of 10 years (January 2008 to December 2017). In accordance with some Grand Unification Theories (GUT), MMs were created during the phase of symmetry breaking in the early Universe, and accelerated by inter-galactic magnetic fields. As a consequence of their high energy, they could cross the Earth and emit a significant signal in a Cherenkov-based telescope like ANTARES, for appropriate mass and velocity ranges. This analysis a new simulation of MMs taking into account the Kasama, Yang and Goldhaber (KYG) model for their cross section with matter. The results obtained for relativistic magnetic monopoles with β = v/c ⩾ 0.817, where v is the magnetic monopole velocity and c the speed of light in vacuum, are presented.

Gmunu: Paralleled, grid-adaptive, general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in curvilinear geometries in dynamical spacetimes

We present an update on the General-relativistic multigrid numerical (Gmunu) code, a parallelised, multi-dimensional curvilinear, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code with an efficient non-linear cell-centred multigrid elliptic solver, which is fully coupled with an efficient block-based adaptive mesh refinement module. To date, as described in this paper, Gmunu is able to solve the elliptic metric equations in the conformally flat condition approximation with the multigrid approach and the equations of ideal general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics by means of high-resolution shock-capturing finite-volume method with reference metric formularised multi-dimensionally in Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical geometries. To guarantee the absence of magnetic monopoles during the evolution, we have developed an elliptical divergence cleaning method by using the multigrid solver. In this paper, we present the methodology, full evolution equations and implementation details of Gmunu and its properties and performance in some benchmarking and challenging relativistic magnetohydrodynamics problems.

A Model of Two Quantum Fluids for the Low Energy Excited States of the Systems with Entities That Mimic the Magnetic Monopoles

The low energy excitation states in frustrated magnetic structures can generate quasiparticles that behave as if they were magnetic charges. These excited states produce, in the so-called spin-ice materials, two different peaks of specific heat at temperatures less than 1.5 K. In this paper, we consider that the first structure is caused by the formation of fluid of magnetic dipoles configured by the dumbbell model with a boson nature in consonance with that described by Witten for mesons. The second structure, wider than the first one, corresponds to a plasma state that comes from the breaking of a great number of dipoles, which provokes the appearance of free magnetic charges, which constitute a cool magnetic plasma fluid. In this paper, we determine thermodynamic analytical functions: the thermo-potential and internal energy and their respective derivative physical magnitudes: entropy, and magnetic specific heat. We obtain results in a good concordance with the experimental data, which allow us to explain the phase transitions occurred in these spin-ice materials at very low temperatures.