Wide spread invasion without sexual reproduction? A case study on European willows in Patagonia, Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina B. Budde ◽  
Leonardo Gallo ◽  
Paula Marchelli ◽  
Eva Mosner ◽  
Sascha Liepelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Wide Spread

scholarly journals Secretive Symbolism? The Death Penalty, Executions, and Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-601
Author(s):  
Billy Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Symbolic Function ◽  
Execution Rates ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe importance of analysing the death penalty and state-imposed executions is derived from their concerning the right to life, and their retaining wide-spread support throughout retentionist, abolitionist de facto, and abolitionist states worldwide. Discrepancies in the execution rates of retentionist states appear reducible to their serving symbolic or pragmatic functions i.e. they are used primarily to validate public opinion or primarily to deter crime. Prima facie, Japan seems akin to a symbolic state, due to its low execution rate and its official justification for both retaining the death penalty and continuing to use executions i.e. doing otherwise would be undemocratic. However, the practices that surround executions in Japan shroud them in secrecy and silence, which appears at odds with both its apparent symbolic function and this justification. This makes Japan a uniquely important case study for research on practices surrounding executions. Understanding why this contradiction exists will entail a more nuanced understanding of the ways in which the death penalty, executions, and the practices surrounding them, can function in retentionist states. This essay aids such understanding by critically analysing this official justification and various other arguments for why this might be the case and advancing an alternative explanation.

scholarly journals First report of the sexual stage of the flax pathogen Mycosphaerella linicola in France and its impact on pasmo epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Paumier ◽  
Blandine Bammé ◽  
Annette Penaud ◽  
Romain Valade ◽  
Frédéric Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Temporal Shift ◽  
Developmental Dynamics ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Quantitative Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractWe performed a three-year field survey in France to characterize the dynamics of sexual reproduction in Mycosphaerella linicola, the causal agent of pasmo, during the interepidemic period. Cohorts of fruiting bodies were sampled from linseed straw during the autumn and winter and carefully observed, focusing on pseudothecia, asci and ascospores. A sequence of experimental steps corresponding to Koch’s postulates confirmed in July 2014, for the first time in France and continental Europe, the widespread presence of the sexual stage of M. linicola in plant host tissues. The developmental dynamics of pseudothecia on straw, expressed as the change over time in the percentage of mature pseudothecia, was similar in all three years. Pseudothecia appeared in late summer, with peak maturity reached in October. A temporal shift, thought to be due to early autumn rainfall, was highlighted in one of the three years. These observations suggest that sexual reproduction plays a significant role in the epidemiology of pasmo in France. A resurgence of M. linicola infections in spring flax is thought to have occurred in recent years, due to the increase in the area under flax. The presence of the sexual stage of this pathogen probably increased the quantitative impact of residues of winter linseed (used for oil) and flax straw (left on the soil for retting and used for fibers) as an interepidemic ‘brown bridge’. This case study highlights how certain parts of a disease cycle, in this case the sexual phase, can become crucial due to changes in production conditions.

scholarly journals The extended Price equation: migration and sex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Brown ◽  
Jared M Field
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Hamilton’S Rule ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
Hamilton's Rule

The Price equation provides a general partition of evolutionary change into two components. The first is usually thought to represent natural selection and the second, transmission bias. Here, we provide a new derivation of the generalised equation, which contains a largely ignored third term. Unlike the original Price equation, this extension can account for migration and mixed asexual and sexual reproduction. The derivation here expresses the generalised equation explicitly in terms of fitness, rendering this otherwise difficult third term more open to biological interpretation and use. This re-derivation also permits fundamental results, derived from the Price equation, to be more easily generalised. We take Hamilton's rule as a case study, and provide an exact, total expression that allows for population structures like haplodiploidy. Our analysis, more generally, makes clear the previously hidden assumptions in similar fundamental results, highlighting the caution that must be taken when interpreting them.

scholarly journals Endophyte survival without sex

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
B.R. Holland ◽  
C.L. Schardl ◽  
J. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Clonal Reproduction ◽  
Wide Spread

Sex is considerably more costly for an organism than clonal reproduction. How it conveys sufficient benefits to outweigh this cost remains unclear. One of the main arguments that such benefits exist is the wide distribution of sex and the short evolutionary lifespan of asexual lineages. However, too little is known about the reproductive biology of microorganisms to be certain that sex is wide-spread among them. Among the epichloë endophytes the ability to carry out sexual reproduction is frequently lost, and closely related sexual and asexual lineages can be readily collected. This offers an opportunity to test if asexual endophyte lineages have a shorter lifespan than sexual lineages, which would indicate that sex conveys advantages to epichloë endophytes. Using a novel phylogeny-based statistical approach, we found strong evidence that asexual endophyte lineages are short-lived compared to sexual lineages. Keywords: sex, clonal reproduction, evolutionary biology, ecology

scholarly journals Effects of DEM Generating Algorithms on Water Retention Calculations in Polders – A Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sz. Suba ◽  
S. Nistor ◽  
Șt. Suba
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Data Interpolation ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Data Smoothing ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modelling Methods ◽  
Generating Algorithms

Abstract Digital Elevation Models have been an important topic in the last decades in order to accurately describe one’s surroundings for various purposes. The most wide-spread applications of Digital Elevation Modelling are related to volumetric calculations over large areas, as well as to hydrographic simulations. This paper will analyse the impact of various data interpolation models on the result of volumetric calculations in a longitudinal shaped polder. In order to achieve general conclusions instead of case specific solutions, the raw parametric Digital Elevation Models have been used, rather than the specific parameters suiting the actual scenario. In order to achieve this, data smoothing has also been neglected. The result of the conducted study presents the impact of the digital elevation modelling methods over the volumetric calculations. When applied to the same dataset, the methods yielded different results, partially confirming the predicted usefulness of the algorithms.

scholarly journals Strategies of Chinese translation of American teleplays based on Skopos Theory–A case study of American teleplay House of Cards

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Shuyan YU ◽  
Shengli Wang ◽  
Yuying XIAO
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spread ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
House Of Cards ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Skopos Theory ◽  
Target Culture

With a wide spread of American teleplays in China, teleplay translation has become an urgent task for giving viewers access to teleplay appreciation. Based on Skopos Theory, this thesis carried out a tentative study on teleplay translation according to a case study of American teleplay House of Cards. The Skopos of teleplay is to provide, within the constraints of time and space, the well-translated teleplays which aid viewers to understand the content of teleplay well. In order to translate purposefully and fulfill the Skopos of the teleplay translation, translators have to adopt certain principles respecting the target culture and particular strategies in the process of teleplay translation. This essay discussed the characters and functions of teleplays as well as the detailed information of Skopos Theory. 

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