Is Visiting the Pharmacy Like Voting at the Poll? Behavioral Asymmetry in Pharmaceutical Freedom

HEC Forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Carroll
Keyword(s):  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Valeria Anna Sovrano ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Andrea Messina
Keyword(s):  

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Fride ◽  
Robert L. Collins ◽  
Phil Skolnick ◽  
Prince K. Arora

2010 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth H. Walker ◽  
Georgia Davies ◽  
Rick J. Koch ◽  
Andrew K. Haack ◽  
Cynthia Moore ◽  
...  

2013 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill R. Landers ◽  
Jefferson W. Kinney ◽  
Daniel N. Allen ◽  
Frank van Breukelen

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren E. Babcock

Malformations of trilobites are classified as healed injuries, teratological conditions, and pathological conditions. An improved method of recognizing such malformations combines information about the conditions under which cell injury can occur, the processes by which animal tissues react to injury, and trilobite morphology.Study of healed injuries of polymeroid trilobites shows that injuries attributed to sublethal predation tend to be most commonly preserved on the pleural lobes, the posterior half of the body, and the right side. Statistically significant differences in the number of predation scars between the right and left sides is interpreted as evidence of right-left behavioral asymmetry in some predators of trilobites or the trilobites themselves. Asymmetrical, or lateralized, behavior in present-day animals is one manifestation of handedness, and is usually related to a functional lateralization of the nervous system. Evidence of behavioral lateralization in some Paleozoic predators or prey suggests that those organisms also possessed lateralized nervous systems. Right-left differences in preserved predation scars on trilobites date from the Early Cambrian (Olenellus Zone), and are the oldest known evidence of behavioral asymmetry in the fossil record.Other examples of structural or behavioral asymmetry from the fossil record of animals are cited. Lateralization is recognized in representatives of the Arthropoda, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Chordata, and Conodonta, and in trace fossils.


Author(s):  
Kaushik Sinha ◽  
Edoardo F. Colombo ◽  
Narek R. Shougarian ◽  
Olivier L. de Weck

A two-sided market involves two different user groups whose interactions are enabled over a platform that provides a distinct set of values to either side. In such market systems, one side’s participation depends on the value created by presence of the other side over the platform. Two-sided market platforms must acquire enough users on both sides in appropriate proportions to generate value to either side of the user market. In this paper, we present a simplified, generic mathematical model for two-sided markets with an intervening platform that enables interaction between the two different sets of users with distinct value propositions. The proposed model captures both the same side as well as cross-side effects (i.e., network externalities) and can capture any behavioral asymmetry between the different sides of the two-sided market system. The cross-side effects are captured using the notion of affinity curves while same side effects are captured using four rate parameters. We demonstrate the methodology on canonical affinity curves and comment on the attainment of stability at the equilibrium points of two-sided market systems. Subsequently a stochastic choice-based model of consumers and developers is described to simulate a two-sided market from grounds-up and the observed affinity curves are documented. Finally we discuss how the two-sided market model links with and impacts the engineering characteristics of the platform.


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