Abnormal Transient Pupillary Light Reflex in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1499-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Fan ◽  
Judith H. Miles ◽  
Nicole Takahashi ◽  
Gang Yao
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Studying pupillary light reflex in young children with autism spectrum disorders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dinalankara M. R. Dinalankara
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is a phenomenon wherein the pupil size changes according to retina illumination. PLR of adults and children has been investigated in various studies. However, its significance in the medical care of young children and infants has been limited due to the lack of reliable instrumentation. Traditional PLR devices need to restrain subject or have to be worn on the head, which is not suitable for young children. A remote PLR measuring device was developed which allows the subject to sit far from the device during the PLR test. The device can capture high resolution images at a high sample rate similar to what can be found in a desktop system, but without the need for a restraint. The device follows the subject by tracking their eye movements during the PLR test. The device has been used to test PLR in typical developing (TD) children and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), who were between ages of two to six years old. It was found that PLR latency in children with ASDs was longer than in typical developing children. The PLR constriction of the ASD subjects was slightly smaller than the TD subjects, but that difference was not statistically significant in our test. Moreover, the base pupil radius increased and latency decreased with age in the TD children but not in the ASD group. We found that PLR parameters are associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. TD children with abnormal sweating issues showed a larger PLR constriction and smaller base pupil radius. We found that children with ASD did not show such differences. However, constriction time is negatively correlated with the normalized high frequency component of heart rate variability power spectrum in the ASD group, but not in the TD group. Nine TD children and eight ASD children were tested again 1-1.5 years from their first test date. The PLR parameter differences between the first and second tests were calculated, and we found that latency difference was negatively correlated to base pupil radius difference. Moreover, constriction difference was found to be positively correlated to the base pupil radius difference in TD children, but not in the ASD group. Remote PLR device camera setup was changed to capture the test subject's motion by a one camera while the other camera captures a high resolution pupil image. Because the two cameras are off axis, 3D location of the eye position is directly calculated using stereo vision base method, which helped to remove the need of physical measurement. The entire space occupied by the new rPLR device is about 50% of the previous device.

scholarly journals Atypical pupillary light reflex in 2-6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinalankara M. R. Dinalankara ◽  
Judith H. Miles ◽  
T. Nicole Takahashi ◽  
Gang Yao
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

scholarly journals Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and Heart Rate Variability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1910-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chathuri Daluwatte ◽  
Judith H. Miles ◽  
Shawn E. Christ ◽  
David Q. Beversdorf ◽  
T. Nicole Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light

scholarly journals Using Pupillometry to Assess the Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and LC-NE System in ASD

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Future Work

With recent advances in technology, there has been growing interest in use of eye-tracking and pupillometry to assess the visual pathway in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Within emerging literature, an atypical pupillary light reflex (PLR) has been documented, holding potential for use as a clinical screening biomarker for ASD. This review outlines dominant theories of neuropathology associated with ASD and integrates underlying neuroscience associated with the atypical PLR through a reciprocal model of brainstem involvement and cortical underconnectivity. This review draws from animal models of ASD demonstrating disruption of cranial motor nuclei and brain imaging studies examining arousal and the influence of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system on the pupillary response. Pupillometry methods are explained in relation to existing data examining the PLR in ASD and pupillary parameters of constriction latency and tonic pupil diameter as key parameters for investigation. This focused review provides preliminary data toward future work developing pupillometry metrics and offers direction for studies aimed at rigorous study replication using pupillometry with the ASD population. Experimental conditions and testing protocol for capturing pupil parameters with this clinical population are discussed to promote clinical research and translational application.

Disfluency Characteristics Observed in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Preliminary Report

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura W. Plexico ◽  
Julie E. Cleary ◽  
Ashlynn McAlpine ◽  
Allison M. Plumb
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Young Children With Autism ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Developmental Stuttering

This descriptive study evaluates the speech disfluencies of 8 verbal children between 3 and 5 years of age with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Speech samples were collected for each child during standardized interactions. Percentage and types of disfluencies observed during speech samples are discussed. Although they did not have a clinical diagnosis of stuttering, all of the young children with ASD in this study produced disfluencies. In addition to stuttering-like disfluencies and other typical disfluencies, the children with ASD also produced atypical disfluencies, which usually are not observed in children with typically developing speech or developmental stuttering. (Yairi & Ambrose, 2005).

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