The Role of Trialeurodes vaporariorum-Infested Tomato Plant Volatiles in the Attraction of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-203
Author(s):  
Pascal M. Ayelo ◽  
Abdullahi A. Yusuf ◽  
Christian W. W. Pirk ◽  
Samira A. Mohamed ◽  
Anaїs Chailleux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Encarsia Formosa

Virus Decline of Strawberry in California and the Role of Insect Vectors and Associated Viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra K. Dara
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Purple Coloration

Greenhouse white fly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); and strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), are common pests of strawberries in California and are vectors of one or more viruses. Most of the viruses transmitted by these vectors do not cause symptoms on strawberry when the infection occurs individually. However, when one of the viruses (Beet pseudoyellows virus or Strawberry pallidosis-associated virus) transmitted by T. vaporariorum is present along with one of the viruses transmitted by F. occidentalis, C. fragaefolii, or other sources, it results in a virus decline of strawberry, which can cause significant crop losses. Stunted root and plant growth, purple coloration of foliage, and dieback of the plant are some of the symptoms associated with virus decline. Increases in T. vaporariorum infestations during the past few years significantly elevated the risk of whitefly as a crop pest and a disease vector. This article reviews virus decline of strawberry, symptoms of infection, and the current status of insect vectors in California strawberries. Accepted for publication 17 November 2015. Published 20 November 2015.

scholarly journals Gibberellin in tomato: metabolism, signaling and role in drought responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagai Shohat ◽  
Natanella Illouz Eliaz ◽  
David Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Drought Avoidance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Signaling Components

AbstractThe growth-promoting hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. It also affects plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. GA metabolism and signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have been studied in the last three decades and major components of the pathways were characterized. These include major biosynthesis and catabolism enzymes and signaling components, such as the three GA receptors GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) and DELLA protein PROCERA (PRO), the central response suppressor. The role of these components in tomato plant development and response to the environment have been investigated. Cultivated tomato, similar to many other crop plants, are susceptible to water deficiency. Numerous studies on tomato response to drought have been conducted, including the possible role of GA in tomato drought resistance. Most studies showed that reduced levels or activity of GA improves drought tolerance and drought avoidance. This review aims to provide an overview on GA biosynthesis and signaling in tomato, how drought affects these pathways and how changes in GA activity affect tomato plant response to water deficiency. It also presents the potential of using the GA pathway to generate drought-tolerant tomato plants with improved performance under both irrigation and water-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Do plant volatiles confuse rather than guide foraging behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum?

Chemoecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 315-325
Author(s):  
Jetske G. de Boer ◽  
Petra J. Hollander ◽  
Daan Heinen ◽  
Divya Jagger ◽  
Pim van Sliedregt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pepper Plants

Abstract Many species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by herbivory. Hyperparasitoids may also use information from lower trophic levels to locate their parasitoid hosts but little is known about the role of volatiles from the plant–host complex in the foraging behavior of hyperparasitoids. Here, we studied how Dendrocerus aphidum (Megaspilidae) responds to plant and host volatiles in a series of experiments. This hyperparasitoid uses aphid mummies as its host and hampers biological control of aphids by parasitoids in greenhouse horticulture. We found that D. aphidum females were strongly attracted to volatiles from mummy-infested sweet pepper plants, but only when clean air was offered as an alternative odor source in the Y-tube olfactometer. Hyperparasitoid females did not have a preference for mummy-infested plants when volatiles from aphid-infested or healthy pepper plants were presented as an alternative. These olfactory responses of D. aphidum were mostly independent of prior experience. Volatiles from the host itself were also highly attractive to D. aphidum, but again hyperparasitoid females only had a preference in the absence of plant volatiles. Our findings suggest that plant volatiles may confuse, rather than guide the foraging behavior of D. aphidum. Mummy hyperparasitoids, such as D. aphidum, can use a wide variety of mummies and are thus extreme generalists at the lower trophic levels, which may explain the limited role of (induced) plant volatiles in their host searching behavior.

ASPECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A CHALCID PARASITE AND ITS ALEURODID HOST

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Dominant Process

Three populations of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and its chalcid parasite Encarsia formosa were propagated each year for three consecutive years on tomato plants in the greenhouse. The abundance of the host and parasite species fluctuated either with peaks of increasing amplitude, with peaks of decreasing amplitude, or with irregular peaks. The dominant process in the interaction was the occurrence of two qualitatively different types of host larval mortality: (a) parasitization, and (b) almost immediate killing after attack by adult parasites. Fluctuations in host and parasite abundance resulted from the almost immediate killing of small host larvae and the death of the short-lived adult parasites. The parasite population tended to destroy similar percentages of host populations of different densities but host mortality was also related to the age structure of the host population. Variation in host reproduction, caused by differences in rearing temperature and by seasonal variation in the physical environment, influenced host and parasite densities.

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