Geodesics in the Engel Group with a Sub-Lorentzian Metric — the Space-Like Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Qihui Cai
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihui Cai ◽  
Tiren Huang ◽  
Yu. L. Sachkov ◽  
Xiaoping Yang

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vaughan-Lee
Keyword(s):  

In this note, the author proves that a group G is a 4-Engel group if and only if the normal closure of every element g ∈ G is a 3-Engel group


2011 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 1593-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei A Ardentov ◽  
Yurii L Sachkov

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 909-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Ardentov ◽  
Yuri L. Sachkov
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-402
Author(s):  
D. I. Barrett ◽  
C. E. McLean ◽  
C. C. Remsing
Keyword(s):  

Galaxies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang

Higher dimensional theories, wherein our four dimensional universe is immersed into a bulk ambient, have received much attention recently, and the directions of investigation had, as far as we can discern, all followed the ordinary Euclidean hypersurface theory’s isometric immersion recipe, with the spacetime metric being induced by an ambient parent. We note, in this paper, that the indefinite signature of the Lorentzian metric perhaps hints at the lesser known equiaffine hypersurface theory as being a possibly more natural, i.e., less customized beyond minimal mathematical formalism, description of our universe’s extrinsic geometry. In this alternative, the ambient is deprived of a metric, and the spacetime metric becomes conformal to the second fundamental form of the ordinary theory, therefore is automatically indefinite for hyperbolic shapes. Herein, we advocate investigations in this direction by identifying some potential physical benefits to enlisting the help of equiaffine differential geometry. In particular, we show that a geometric origin for dark energy can be proposed within this framework.


2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 469-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZBIGNIEW BANACH ◽  
WIESLAW LARECKI

Beginning from the relativistic Boltzmann equation in a curved space-time, and assuming that there exists a fiducial congruence of timelike world lines with four-velocity vector field u, it is the aim of this paper to present a systematic derivation of a hierarchy of closed systems of moment equations. These systems are found by using the closure by entropy maximization. Our concepts are primarily applied to the formalism of central moments because if an alternative and more familiar theory of covariant moments is taken into account, then the method of maximum entropy is ill-defined in a neighborhood of equilibrium states. The central moments are not covariant in the following sense: two observers looking at the same relativistic gas will, in general, extract two different sets of central moments, not related to each other by a tensorial linear transformation. After a brief review of the formalism of trace-free symmetric spacelike tensors, the differential equations for irreducible central moments are obtained and compared with those of Ellis et al. [Ann. Phys. (NY)150 (1983) 455]. We derive some auxiliary algebraic identities which involve the set of central moments and the corresponding set of Lagrange multipliers; these identities enable us to show that there is an additional balance law interpreted as the equation of balance of entropy. The above results are valid for an arbitrary choice of the Lorentzian metric g and the four-velocity vector field u. Later, the definition of u as in the well-known theory of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner is proposed in order to construct a hierarchy of symmetric hyperbolic systems of field equations. Also, the Eckart and Landau–Lifshitz definitions of u are discussed. Specifically, it is demonstrated that they lead, in general, to the systems of nonconservative equations.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document