Abstract
Soil hydrology, nutrient availability and forest disturbance determine the variation of tropical tree species composition locally. However, most habitat filtering is explained by tree species' hydraulic traits along the hydrological gradient. We asked whether these patterns apply to lianas. At the community level, we investigated: (i) whether the hydrological gradient, soil fertility and forest disturbance explain liana species composition; and (ii) whether differences in leaf and stem wood functional traits were linked to species composition along ecological gradients. We sampled liana species composition in 18 1-ha plots across a 64 km² landscape in Central Amazonia and measured ten leaves and stem wood traits across 115 liana species in 2,000 individuals. We correlated liana species composition summarized with PCoA with the functional composition summarized by PCA, considering the species mean values of traits at the plot level. We tested the relationship between ordination axes and the environmental gradients. Liana species composition was highly correlated with functional composition. Taxonomic (PCoA) and functional (PCA) composition were strongly associated with the hydrological gradient, with a slight impact of forest disturbance on functional composition. Species at valley areas had higher stomata size and higher proportions of self-supporting xylem than plateau. Differently, lianas on plateaus invest more in fast-growing leaves (higher SLA), although with a higher wood density. Our study reveals that lianas use different functional solutions in dealing with each end of the hydrological gradient and that the relationships between habitat preferences and traits explain lianas species distributions not straightforwardly as previously found for trees.
Historical Human Footprint on Modern Tree Species Composition in the Purus-Madeira Interfluve, Central Amazonia
