Second-order conditioning of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Rescorla
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Conditioning

scholarly journals Second-Order Conditioning in Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Potential Interactions

In contrast to the large body of work demonstrating second-order conditioning (SOC) in non-human animals, the evidence for SOC in humans is scant. In this review, I examine the existing literature and suggest theoretical and procedural explanations for why SOC has been so elusive in humans. In particular, I discuss potential interactions with conditioned inhibition, whether SOC is rational, and propose critical parameters needed to obtain the effect. I conclude that SOC is a real but difficult phenomenon to obtain in humans, and suggest directions for future research.

scholarly journals Second-Order Conditioning and Conditioned Inhibition in Different Moments of the Same Training: The Effect of A+ and AX− Trial Number

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Muñiz-Diez ◽  
Judit Muñiz-Moreno ◽  
Ignacio Loy
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Magazine Training ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Trial Number ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Feature Negative ◽  
Associative Models

The feature negative discrimination (A+/AX−) can result in X gaining excitatory properties (second-order conditioning, SOC) or in X gaining inhibitory properties (conditioned inhibition, CI), a challenging finding for most current associative learning theories. Research on the variables that modulate which of these phenomena would occur is scarce but has clearly identified the trial number as an important variable. In the set of experiments presented here, the effect of trial number was assessed in a magazine training task with rats as a function of both the conditioning sessions and the number of A+ and AX− trials per session, holding constant the total number of trials per session. The results indicated that SOC is most likely to be found at the beginning of training when there are many A+ and few AX− trials, and CI (as assessed by a retardation test) is most likely to be found at the end of training when there are few A+ and many AX− trials. Both phenomena were also found at different moments of training when the number of A+ trials was equal to the number of AX− trials. These results cannot be predicted by acquisition-focused associative models but can be predicted by theories that distinguish between learning and performance.

scholarly journals Excitatory second-order conditioning using a backward first-order conditioned stimulus: A challenge for prediction error reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Vinca Rivière ◽  
Jean-Claude Darcheville ◽  
Gonzalo P Urcelay ◽  
Ralph R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcer ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Opponent Processes

Prével and colleagues reported excitatory learning with a backward conditioned stimulus (CS) in a conditioned reinforcement preparation. Their results add to existing evidence of backward CSs sometimes being excitatory and were viewed as challenging the view that learning is driven by prediction error reduction, which assumes that only predictive (i.e., forward) relationships are learned. The results instead were consistent with the assumptions of both Miller’s Temporal Coding Hypothesis and Wagner’s Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model. The present experiment extended the conditioned reinforcement preparation developed by Prével et al. to a backward second-order conditioning preparation, with the aim of discriminating between these two accounts. We tested whether a second-order CS can serve as an effective conditioned reinforcer, even when the first-order CS with which it was paired is a backward CS that elicits no responding. Evidence of conditioned reinforcement was found, despite no conditioned response (CR) being elicited by the first-order backward CS. The evidence of second-order conditioning in the absence of excitatory conditioning to the first-order CS is interpreted as a challenge to SOP. In contrast, the present results are consistent with the Temporal Coding Hypothesis and constitute a conceptual replication in humans of previous reports of excitatory second-order conditioning in rodents with a backward CS. The proposal is made that learning is driven by “discrepancy” with prior experience as opposed to “ prediction error.”

A Computational Model of the Amygdala Nuclei’s Role in Second Order Conditioning

2008 ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Mannella ◽  
Stefano Zappacosta ◽  
Marco Mirolli ◽  
Gianluca Baldassarre
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Conditioning
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