Alcohol and the response of upper airway resistance to a changing respiratory drive in normal man

1990 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sériès ◽  
F.Y. Cormier ◽  
M. Desmeules
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Normal Man

scholarly journals Sciatic nerve stimulation and its effects on upper airway resistance in the anesthetized rabbit model relevant to sleep apnea

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Schiefer ◽  
Jenniffer Gamble ◽  
Kingman P. Strohl
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Ventilatory Drive ◽  
Sciatic Nerve Stimulation

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by collapse of the velopharynx and/or oropharynx during sleep when drive to the upper airway is reduced. Here, we explore an indirect approach for activation of upper airway muscles that might affect airway dynamics, namely, unilateral electrical stimulation of the afferent fibers of the sciatic nerve, in an anesthetized rabbit model. A nerve cuff electrode was placed around the sciatic and hypoglossal nerves to deliver stimulus while airflow, air pressure, and alae nasi electromyogram (EMG) were monitored both before and after sciatic transection. Sciatic nerve stimulation increased respiratory effort, rate, and alae nasi EMG, which persisted for seconds after stimulation; however, upper airway resistance was unchanged. Hypoglossal stimulation reduced resistance without altering drive. Although sciatic nerve stimulation is not ideal for treating OSA, it remains a target for altering respiratory drive. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, sciatic nerve stimulation has been shown to activate upper airway and chest wall muscles. The supposition that resistance through the upper airway would be reduced with this afferent reflex was disproven. Findings were in contrast with the effect of hypoglossal nerve stimulation, which was shown to decrease resistance without changing muscle activation or ventilatory drive.

Influence of respiratory drive on upper airway resistance in normal men

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1242-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Series ◽  
Y. Cormier ◽  
M. Desmeules ◽  
J. La Forge
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Co2 Rebreathing ◽  
Bias Flow ◽  
Measured Flow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men

The variations in nasal and pharyngeal resistance induced by changes in the central inspiratory drive were studied in 10 normal men. To calculate resistances we measured upper airway pressures with two low-bias flow catheters; one was placed at the tip of the epiglottis and the other in the posterior nasopharynx, and we measured flow with a Fleisch no. 3 pneumotachograph connected to a tightly fitting mask. Both resistances were obtained continuously during CO2 rebreathing (Read's method) and during the 2 min after a 1-min voluntary maximal hyperventilation. The inspiratory drive was estimated by measurements of inspiratory pressure generated at 0.1 s after the onset of inspiration (P0.1) and by the mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI). In each subject both resistances decreased during CO2 rebreathing; these decreases were correlated with the increase in P0.1. During the posthyperventilation period, ventilation fell below base line in seven subjects; this was accompanied by an increase in both nasal and pharyngeal resistances. These resistances increased exponentially as VT/TI decreased. Parallel changes in nasal and pharyngeal resistances were seen during CO2 stimulus and during the period after the hyperventilation. We conclude that 1) the indexes quantifying the inspiratory drive reflect the activation of nasopharyngeal dilator muscles (as assessed by the changes in upper airway resistance) and 2) both nasal and pharyngeal resistances are similarly influenced by changes in the respiratory drive.

Novel method for evaluating the upper airway resistance using the ratio of neural respiratory drive to flow in OSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Yuanming Luo ◽  
Liteng Yang ◽  
Zhigang Liu ◽  
Zhihui Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Novel Method

Effects of respiratory drive on upper airways in sleep apnea patients and normal subjects

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Series ◽  
Y. Cormier ◽  
M. Desmeules ◽  
J. La Forge
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Co2 Rebreathing ◽  
Airway Pressures ◽  
Line Level

We compared the changes in nasal and pharyngeal resistance induced by modifications in the central respiratory drive in 8 patients with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) with the results of 10 normal men. Upper airway pressures were measured with two low-bias flow catheters; one was placed at the tip of the epiglottis and the other above the uvula. Nasal and pharyngeal resistances were calculated at isoflow. During CO2 rebreathing and during the 2 min after maximal voluntary hyperventilation, we continuously recorded upper airway pressures, airflow, end-tidal CO2, and the mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI); inspiratory pressure generated at 0.1 s after the onset of inspiration (P0.1) was measured every 15–20 s. In both groups upper airway resistance decreased as P0.1 increased during CO2 rebreathing. When P0.1 increased by 500%, pharyngeal resistance decreased to 17.8 +/- 3.1% of base-line values in SAS patients and to 34.9 +/- 3.4% in normal subjects (mean +/- SE). During the posthyperventilation period the VT/TI fell below the base-line level in seven SAS patients and in seven normal subjects. The decrease in VT/TI was accompanied by an increase in upper airway resistance. When the VT/TI decreased by 30% of its base-line level, pharyngeal resistance increased to 319.1 +/- 50.9% in SAS and 138.5 +/- 4.7% in normal subjects (P less than 0.05). We conclude that 1) in SAS patients, as in normal subjects, the activation of upper airway dilators is reflected by indexes that quantify the central inspiratory drive and 2) the pharyngeal patency is more sensitive to the decrease of the central respiratory drive in SAS patients than in normal subjects.

Responses to negative pressure surrounding the neck in anesthetized animals

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wolin ◽  
K. P. Strohl ◽  
B. N. Acree ◽  
J. M. Fouke
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Transmural Pressure ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Continuous Positive Pressure

Continuous positive pressure applied at the nose has been shown to cause a decrease in upper airway resistance. The present study was designed to determine whether a similar positive transmural pressure gradient, generated by applying a negative pressure at the body surface around the neck, altered upper airway patency. Studies were performed in nine spontaneously breathing anesthetized supine dogs. Airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph mounted on an airtight muzzle placed over the nose and mouth of each animal. Upper airway pressure was measured as the differential pressure between the extrathoracic trachea and the inside of the muzzle. Upper airway resistance was monitored as an index of airway patency. Negative pressure (-2 to -20 cmH2O) was applied around the neck by using a cuirass extending from the jaw to the thorax. In each animal, increasingly negative pressures were transmitted to the airway wall in a progressive, although not linear, fashion. Decreasing the pressure produced a progressive fall in upper airway resistance, without causing a significant change in respiratory drive or respiratory timing. At -5 cmH2O pressure, there occurred a significant fall in upper airway resistance, comparable with the response of a single, intravenous injection of sodium cyanide (0.5-3.0 mg), a respiratory stimulant that produces substantial increases in respiratory drive. We conclude that upper airway resistance is influenced by the transmural pressure across the airway wall and that such a gradient can be accomplished by making the extraluminal pressure more negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Motor responses to positive-pressure breathing in the developing opossum

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Farber
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

The suckling opossum exhibits an expiration-phased discharge in abdominal muscles during positive-pressure breathing (PPB); the response becomes apparent, however, only after the 3rd-5th wk of postnatal life. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the early lack of activation represented a deficiency of segmental outflow to abdominal muscles or whether comparable effects were observed in cranial outflows to muscles of the upper airways due to immaturity of afferent and/or supraspinal pathways. Anesthetized suckling opossums between 15 and 50 days of age were exposed to PPB; electromyogram (EMG) responses in diaphragm and abdominal muscles were measured, along with EMG of larynx dilator muscles and/or upper airway resistance. In animals older than approximately 30 days of age, the onset of PPB was associated with a prolonged expiration-phased EMG activation of larynx dilator muscles and/or decreased upper airway resistance, along with expiratory recruitment of the abdominal muscle EMG. These effects persisted as long as the load was maintained. Younger animals showed only those responses related to the upper airway; in fact, activation of upper airway muscles during PPB could be associated with suppression of the abdominal motor outflow. After unilateral vagotomy, abdominal and upper airway motor responses to PPB were reduced. The balance between PPB-induced excitatory and inhibitory or disfacilitory influences from the supraspinal level on abdominal motoneurons and/or spinal processing of information from higher centers may shift toward net excitation as the opossum matures.

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