Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain decreases upper airway resistance and increases central respiratory drive in conscious Sprague‐Dawley Rats

Amis, T. C., N. O’Neill, T. Van der Touw, A. Tully, and A. Brancatisano. Supraglottic airway pressure-flow relationships during oronasal airflow partitioning in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1958–1964, 1996.—We studied pressure-flow relationships in the supraglottic airway of eight prone mouth-open anesthetized (intravenous chloralose or pentobarbital sodium) crossbred dogs (weight 15–26 kg) during increasing respiratory drive (CO2administration; n = 4) and during graded-voltage electrical stimulation (SV; n = 4) of the soft palate muscles. During increased respiratory drive, inspiratory airflow occurred via both the nose (V˙n) and mouth (V˙m), with the ratio of V˙n toV˙m [%(V˙n/V˙m)] decreasing maximally from 16.0 ± 7.0 (SD) to 2.4 ± 1.6% ( P < 0.05). Simultaneously, oral airway resistance at peak inspiratory flow decreased from 2.1 ± 1.0 to 0.4 ± 0.4 cmH2O ( P < 0.05), whereas nasal airway resistance did not change (14.4 ± 7.2 to 13.1 ± 5.4 cmH2O; P = 0.29). Inspiratory pressure-flow plots of the oral airway were inversely curvilinear or more complex in nature. Nasal pathway plots, however, demonstrated a positive linear relationship in all animals ( r = 0.87 ± 0.11; all P < 0.001). During electrical stimulation of soft palate muscle contraction accompanied by graded constant-inspiratory airflows of 45–385 ml/s through an isolated upper airway, %(V˙n/V˙m) decreased from 69 ± 50 to 10 ± 13% at a SV of 84 ± 3% of maximal SV ( P < 0.001). At a SV of 85 ± 1% of maximum, normalized oral airway resistance (expressed as percent baseline) fell to 5 ± 3%, whereas normalized nasal resistance was 80 ± 9% (both P< 0.03). Thus control of oronasal airflow partitioning in dogs appears mediated more by alterations in oral route geometry than by closure of the nasopharyngeal airway.

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Brown adipose tissue temperature responses following electrical stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamic and lateral preoptic areas or after norepinephrine infusion to long evans or sprague-dawley rats

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/0006-8993(92)90422-6 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 575 (1) ◽

pp. 57-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

T. Hugie ◽

I. Halvorson ◽

J. Thornhill

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Tissue Temperature ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Norepinephrine Infusion ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Long Evans ◽

Temperature Responses ◽

Stimulation Of

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Effect of geniohyoid and sternohyoid muscle contraction on upper airway resistance in the cat

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1991.71.4.1346 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 1346-1354 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. A. Wiegand ◽

B. Latz

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Muscle Contraction ◽

Airway Resistance ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Muscle Stimulation ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Airway Patency ◽

Upper Airway Resistance ◽

Wide Range ◽

Consistent Change

Previous investigators (van Lunteren et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 582–590, 1987) have suggested that the geniohyoid and sternohyoid muscles may act as upper airway dilators in the cat. To investigate the effect of geniohyoid and sternohyoid contraction on inspiratory upper airway resistance (UAR), we studied five adult male cats anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine during spontaneous room-air breathing. Inspiratory nasal airflow was measured by sealing the lips and constructing a nose mask. Supraglottic pressure was measured using a transpharyngeal catheter placed above the larynx. Mask pressure was measured using a separate catheter. Geniohyoid and sternohyoid lengths were determined by sonomicrometry. Geniohyoid and sternohyoid contraction was stimulated by direct muscle electrical stimulation with implanted wire electrodes. Mean inspiratory UAR was determined for spontaneous breaths under three conditions: 1) baseline (no muscle stimulation), 2) geniohyoid contraction alone, and 3) sternohyoid contraction alone. Geniohyoid contraction alone produced no significant reduction in inspiratory UAR [unstimulated, 17.75 +/- 0.86 (SE) cmH2O.l-1.s; geniohyoid contraction, 19.24 +/- 1.10]. Sternohyoid contraction alone also produced no significant reduction in inspiratory UAR (unstimulated, 15.74 +/- 0.92 cmH2O.l-1.s; sternohyoid contraction, 14.78 +/- 0.78). Simultaneous contraction of the geniohyoid and sternohyoid muscles over a wide range of muscle lengths produced no consistent change in inspiratory UAR. The geniohyoid and sternohyoid muscles do not appear to function consistently as upper airway dilator muscles when UAR is used as an index of upper airway patency in the cat.

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Sciatic nerve stimulation and its effects on upper airway resistance in the anesthetized rabbit model relevant to sleep apnea

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00225.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 763-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew Schiefer ◽

Jenniffer Gamble ◽

Kingman P. Strohl

Keyword(s):

Sleep Apnea ◽

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Airway Resistance ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Respiratory Drive ◽

Upper Airway Resistance ◽

Ventilatory Drive ◽

Sciatic Nerve Stimulation

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by collapse of the velopharynx and/or oropharynx during sleep when drive to the upper airway is reduced. Here, we explore an indirect approach for activation of upper airway muscles that might affect airway dynamics, namely, unilateral electrical stimulation of the afferent fibers of the sciatic nerve, in an anesthetized rabbit model. A nerve cuff electrode was placed around the sciatic and hypoglossal nerves to deliver stimulus while airflow, air pressure, and alae nasi electromyogram (EMG) were monitored both before and after sciatic transection. Sciatic nerve stimulation increased respiratory effort, rate, and alae nasi EMG, which persisted for seconds after stimulation; however, upper airway resistance was unchanged. Hypoglossal stimulation reduced resistance without altering drive. Although sciatic nerve stimulation is not ideal for treating OSA, it remains a target for altering respiratory drive. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, sciatic nerve stimulation has been shown to activate upper airway and chest wall muscles. The supposition that resistance through the upper airway would be reduced with this afferent reflex was disproven. Findings were in contrast with the effect of hypoglossal nerve stimulation, which was shown to decrease resistance without changing muscle activation or ventilatory drive.

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Effects of 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine (DOM, STP) on Successive Sensory Discrimination Behavior Maintained by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Reinforcement in the Rat

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3c.1083 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 38 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1083-1092 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John H. Vincent ◽

Irmingard I. Lenzer

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Discrimination Task ◽

Lever Press ◽

Behavioral Effects ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Response Latencies ◽

Sensory Discrimination ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

The Brain ◽

Stimulation Of

The effects of DOM (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) on behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain were observed in five male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were trained on a successive discrimination task: the SD interval lasted as long as it took the animal to make one lever-press; the SΔ interval was variable, with a mean duration of 60 sec. Following DOM administration, response latencies to the SD were longer during the first 75 min. and SΔ responding was augmented over the 2-hr. session. Gross behavioral effects such as hypokinesia and ataxia were observed for a large part of the session. While increased response latencies may be attributed to hypokinesia and ataxia, increases in SΔ responding reflect a breakdown of discrimination itself. Severe behavioral depression was not observed, suggesting that electrical stimulation of the brain may have counteracted the depressive effect of the amphetamine.

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