Blood flow in arteries and veins

2022 ◽  
pp. 207-284
Author(s):  
David A. Rubenstein ◽  
Wei Yin ◽  
Mary D. Frame
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arteries And Veins

RATIONALIZATION FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN CANCER AND CHRONIC SALPINGOOPHORITIS IN THE PARAMETERS OF DISINTEGRATION AND NETWORK MODELING CHANGES OF BLOOD FLOW IN UTERINE AND OVARIAN ARTERIES AND VEINS

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-769
Author(s):  
Nikolay Agarkov ◽  
Pavel Tkachenko ◽  
Dmitriy Kicha ◽  
Vitaliy Aksenov ◽  
Aleksandr Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Venous Outflow ◽  
Flow Changes ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Selection Of

Analysis of ultrasonic blood flow changes in uterine and ovarian arteries and veins in 92 patients with ovarian cancer and 87 patients with chronic salpingoophoritis has allowed to identify the leading differential diagnostic criteria, which include minimum diastolic blood flow velocity, resistance index, while fast hyperemia, the index of venous outflow diastolic index and index of peripheral resistance. Based on a selection of leading differential diagnostic criteria for ovarian cancer and chronic salpingoophoritis developed a network model of differentiation of these groups of patients, streamlining the differential diagnostic process

Reduced responses of retinal vessels of the newborn pig to prostaglandins but not to thromboxane

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Abran ◽  
Daya R. Varma ◽  
Ding-You Li ◽  
Sylvain Chemtob
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Retinal Blood Flow ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Retinal Vasculature ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Retinal Vessels ◽  
Limit Blood Flow ◽  
Arteries And Veins

The upper blood pressure limit of retinal blood flow autoregulation is lower in the newborn than in the adult; this suggests an insufficient vasoconstrictor response in the newborn when perfusion pressure is increased. Because prostaglandins (PGs) have an important role in autoregulation of retinal blood flow, we compared the effects of PGE2, PGF2α, carbacyclin (PGI2 analogue), and U46619 (thromboxane analogue), as well as that of agonists for the three different PGE2 receptor subtypes, 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (EP1), butaprost (EP2), and M&B 28,767 (EP3), on the retinal vasculature of newborn and adult pigs, using isolated eyecup preparations. PGF2α and PGE2 caused a markedly greater constriction of retinal arteries and veins of the adult than of the newborn animals. Further analysis of the response to PGE2, using receptor subtype agonists, revealed that the EP1 receptor agonist, 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, and the EP3 receptor agonist, M&B 28,767, caused a significant constriction of adult arteries and veins but produced minimal effects on newborn vessels; the EP2 receptor agonist, butaprost, caused a small and comparable dilation of newborn and adult arteries and veins. The PGI2 analogue, carbacyclin, caused a greater dilation of the adult than of the newborn arteries, but produced comparable dilation of veins from both newborn and adult animals. In contrast to the effects of PGF2α and PGE2, the thromboxane analogue, U46619, as well as the α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, significantly constricted newborn arteries and veins, and this effect was comparable with that observed on retinal vessels of the adult. Our findings indicate that the retinal vasculature of the newborn responds minimally to prostaglandins, primarily PGF2α and PGE2, compared with the adult, but constricts effectively to thromboxane. Since prostaglandins play an important role in the autoregulation of retinal blood flow, our observations provide an explanation for the inability of the newborn to limit blood flow when perfusion pressure is raised.Key words: retinal vascular responses, prostaglandins, thromboxane, PGE2 receptor subtypes.

Asymptotic Models of the Blood Flow in Arteries and Veins

2013 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Kozlov ◽  
S. A. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Asymptotic Models ◽  
Arteries And Veins

An in vivo validation of quantitative blood flow imaging in arteries and veins using magnetic resonance phase-shift techniques

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. VAN ROSSUM ◽  
M. SPRENGER ◽  
F. C. VISSER ◽  
K. H. PEELS ◽  
J. VALK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Flow Imaging ◽  
Blood Flow Imaging ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
In Vivo Validation

Ontogeny of neonatal pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. H684-H690 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Tod ◽  
K. Yoshimura ◽  
L. J. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Arteries And Veins

Previously we reported that pulmonary vascular pressure gradients determined by vascular occlusion varied as a function of neonatal age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood flow on pressure gradients during normoxia (inspired O2 28%) and hypoxia (inspired O2 4.2%) in isolated, indomethacin-treated lungs obtained from lambs at less than 1, 2-4, 12-14, and 30-32 days of age (n = 6 at each age). The total pulmonary pressure gradient was partitioned into pressure gradients across relatively indistensible arteries and veins and relatively compliant vessels in the middle region (delta Pm) by inflow and outflow occlusions at flows of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ml.kg-1.min-1. During normoxia, lungs from lambs less than 1 day of age had significantly greater pressures at each flow than lungs from older lambs, due primarily to a significantly greater delta Pm in this age group. During hypoxia, the greatest vasoconstriction occurred in the youngest group, also due mostly to an increased delta Pm. This enhanced response to hypoxia in the younger age groups was due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; without indomethacin treatment, the older age groups had a greater hypoxic pressor response than the younger groups. The arterial vascular resistance at all ages was relatively constant as a function of blood flow during both normoxia and hypoxia, whereas the total and middle vascular resistances generally decreased as a function of flow. The venous resistance initially decreased and then was constant. These results suggest that the neonatal pulmonary circulation h as a fixed arterial resistance, a slightly distensible venous region at low flows, and a more distensible middle region.

scholarly journals Disorders of the Cardiovascular System in Patients with Chronic Viral Hepatitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-378
Author(s):  
M. V. Chistyakova ◽  
A. V. Govorin ◽  
Yu. V. Parkhomenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Interventricular Septum ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Basal Segment ◽  
Laboratory Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arteries And Veins

Aim. To study some structural and functional parameters of the heart and the parameters of hepato-lienal blood flow in patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH).Material and methods. 74 patients with CVH were examined, the average age was 41 years, the disease duration – 3.6 years. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – patients with minimal biochemical activity of hepatitis (n=39); group 2 – patients with moderate hepatitis activity (n=35). The control group included 22 healthy patients. Parameters of tissue doppler echocardiography, hepato-lienal blood flow were evaluated depending on the laboratory activity of CVH.Results. The systolic velocity of the fibrous ring displacement of the tricuspid valve in patients of groups 1 and 2 was lower than in the control by 15% and 17%, respectively (p<0.001). Em decreased in groups 1 and 2 in comparison with healthy individuals in the basal segment of the left ventricle lateral wall, on the mitral valve fibrous ring, in the basal segment of the interventricular septum (p<0.001). The Em/Am ratio decreased in patients of groups 1 and 2 compared with healthy patients in the basal segment of the left ventricle lateral wall, in the medial segment of the interventricular septum, on fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve, in the basal and medial segments of the right ventricular lateral wall (p<0.001). Isovolumic contraction and relaxation time as well as the volume index of the left atrium were increased in patients of the 1st and 2nd groups in comparison with control; more severe violations were observed in patients of the 2nd group (p<0.001). In patients of both groups, acceleration of blood flow and dilation of arteries and veins in the hepato-lienal circulation system (p<0.001) were found. Besides, in patients with moderate hepatitis activity there was an acceleration of blood flow in the hepatic artery in comparison with the control (p<0.001).Conclusion. In patients with CVH the follow disorders were observed: decrease in the global longitudinal systolic function of the right ventricle, violation of diastolic relaxation of the ventricles, increase in the volume index of the left atrium, as well as expansion of the arteries and veins of the hepato-lienal circulation system. These violations were more pronounced in patients with a moderate laboratory activity of CVH. Correlations between cardiohemodynamic parameters, indicators of hepato-lienal blood flow and viral load were revealed. 

Modulation of endothelium-dependent responses by chronic alterations of blood flow

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. H520-H527 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Miller ◽  
L. L. Aarhus ◽  
P. M. Vanhoutte
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Endothelium Dependent Relaxation

To determine whether the blood flow and O2 tension to which a blood vessel is chronically exposed could modulate endothelium-dependent responses, these parameters were altered in the dog either by causing partial occlusion of the femoral artery or by creating a fistula between the femoral artery and vein. Blood flow was reduced by 75% in the clamped artery; mean arterial pressure was unchanged. In the vessels proximal to the fistula, blood flow was elevated and O2 tensions were similar in the vein and artery. After 6 wk the femoral arteries and veins were excised, and their endothelium-dependent responses were studied in vitro. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate, and alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation were augmented in fistula-operated compared with sham-operated arteries. The responses to these agents in the clamp-operated vessels were not different from those of the sham-operated ones. Relaxation to arachidonic acid in the arteries showed an inverse relationship to blood flow. In the veins proximal to the fistula, the endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were augmented and an endothelium-dependent relaxation to alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation was present; only a contractile response was observed in veins from the sham-operated limb in response to the latter. These studies suggest a pattern of increased endothelium-dependent relaxation in vessels exposed to chronically elevated blood flow.

scholarly journals Observing and understanding arterial and venous circulation differences in a physiology laboratory activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Altermann ◽  
Rithiele Gonçalves ◽  
Marcus Vinícius S. Lara ◽  
Ben-Hur S. Neves ◽  
Pâmela B. Mello-Carpes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Laboratory Activity ◽  
Venous Circulation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
Arteries And Veins

The purpose of the present article is to describe three simple practical experiments that aim to observe and discuss the anatomic and physiological functions and differences between arteries and veins as well as the alterations observed in skin blood flow in different situations. For this activity, students were divided in small groups. In each group, a volunteer is recruited for each experiment. The experiments only require a sphygmomanometer, rubber bands, and a clock and allow students to develop a hypothesis to explain the different responses to the interruption of arterial and venous blood flow. At the end, students prepare a short report, and the results are discussed. This activity allows students to perceive the presence of physiology in their daily lives and helps them to understand the concepts related to the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics.

Bifurcation asymmetry of the porcine coronary vasculature and its implications on coronary flow heterogeneity

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (6) ◽  
pp. H2493-H2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Kalsho ◽  
Ghassan S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Optical Sectioning ◽  
Coronary Vasculature ◽  
Coronary Veins ◽  
Flow Heterogeneity ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Arteries And Veins

The branching pattern of the coronary arteries and veins is asymmetric, i.e., many small vessels branch off of a large trunk such that the two daughter vessels at a bifurcation are of unequal diameters and lengths. One important implication of the geometric vascular asymmetry is the dispersion of blood flow at a bifurcation, which leads to large spatial heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow. To document the asymmetric branching pattern of the coronary vessels, we computed an asymmetry ratio for the diameters and lengths of all vessels, defined as the ratio of the daughter diameters and lengths, respectively. Previous data from silicone elastomer cast of the entire coronary vasculature including arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins were analyzed. Data on smaller vessels were obtained from histological specimens by optical sectioning, whereas data on larger vessels were obtained from vascular casts. Asymmetry ratios for vascular areas, volumes, resistances, and flows of the various daughter vessels were computed from the asymmetry ratios of diameters and lengths for every order of mother vessel. The results show that the largest orders of arterial and venous vessels are most asymmetric and the degree of asymmetry decreases toward the smaller vessels. Furthermore, the diameter asymmetry at a bifurcation is significantly larger for the coronary veins (1.7–6.8 for sinus veins) than the corresponding arteries (1.5–5.8 for left anterior descending coronary artery) for orders 2–10, respectively. The reported diameter asymmetry at a bifurcation leads to significant heterogeneity of blood flow at a bifurcation. Hence, the present data quantify the dispersion of blood flow at a bifurcation and are essential for understanding flow heterogeneity in the coronary circulation.

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