Design of particle spectrometers and beam guide lines

2022 ◽  
pp. 229-266
Author(s):  
Hermann Wollnik
Keyword(s):  

SAMPLING OF ODOUROUS AIR FOR OLFACTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT J. HARTUNG Institute for Animal Hygiene of the Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine, Blinteweg 17 p , 3000 Hannover 71, FRG Summary Both static and dynamic sampling procedures are used for olfactometric measurements. Care must be taken inorder to obtain a representative sample and to minimize sample losses due to condensation, adsorption and permeation, when using static sampling methods, particularly. Teflon or Tedlar bags and inert tubing materials help to diminish adsorption and desorption problems. Condensation can be avoided by heating the sampling tubes or by prediluting the sample with pure, odour-free air. Within the EEC guide lines exist for odour measurement in The Netherlands, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The usefulness of dynamic sampling is agreed on. The opinions differ as far as static sampling is concerned. It seems that both sam­ pling methods can be applied successfully for olfactomet-ric measurements. However, it is necessary to define the details of the procedures aiming at a standardization of sampling which might be the first step for a harmoni­ zation of olfactometric measurements in the laboratories of the different countries. 1 . INTRODUCTION The method of measuring odour sensorily in general can be devided into the following basic steps (1): - sample collection - sample dilution and presentation - indication of response - interpretation of response Due to the fact that many different testing procedures exist in the different laboratories, results can only be com­ pared when knowing exactly - the conditions and procedures for sampling of the air to be i nvesti gated, - the design and function of the olfactonnetric apparatus, and - the physiological and physical status of the panel. The olfactometric apparatus and the panel are in close connection with each other as shown in Table I whereas the sam­ pling procedure is more or less apart from the apparatus and the panel and affects the olfactometric inlet, only. However, sample collection is the first step and can influence the re­ sults considerably; thus, valid sampling is the base for valid


Author(s):  
A. Bruno Jr. ◽  
R. Spallone

Between the end of the twenties and the beginning of the World war two Turin, as the most of the Italian cities, was endowed by the fascist regime of many new buildings to guarantee its visibility and to control the territory: the fascist party main houses and the local ones. <br><br> The style that was adopted for these constructions was inspired by the guide lines of the Modern movement which were spreading by a generation of architects as Le Corbusier, Gropius, Mendelsohn. <br><br> At the end of the war many buildings were reconverted to several functions that led heavy transformations not respectful of the original worth, other were demolished. <br><br> Today it's possible to rebuild those lost architectures in their primal format as it was created by their architects on paper (and in their mind). This process can guarantee the three-dimensional perception, the authenticity of the materials and the placement into the Turin urban tissue, using static and dynamic digital representation systems. The “three-dimensional re-drawing” of the projects, thought as an heuristic practice devoted to reveal the original idea of the project, inserts itself in a digital model of the urban and natural context as we can live it today, to simulate the perceptive effects that the building could stir up today. The modeling skills are the basis to product videos able to explore the relationship between the environment and “re-built architectures”, describing with the synthetic movie techniques, the main formal and perceptive roots. The model represents a scientific product that can be involved in a virtual archive of cultural goods to preserve the collective memory of the architectural and urban past image of Turin.


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