SAMPLING OF ODOUROUS AIR FOR OLFACTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT J. HARTUNG Institute for Animal Hygiene of the Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine, Blinteweg 17 p , 3000 Hannover 71, FRG Summary Both static and dynamic sampling procedures are used for olfactometric measurements. Care must be taken inorder to obtain a representative sample and to minimize sample losses due to condensation, adsorption and permeation, when using static sampling methods, particularly. Teflon or Tedlar bags and inert tubing materials help to diminish adsorption and desorption problems. Condensation can be avoided by heating the sampling tubes or by prediluting the sample with pure, odour-free air. Within the EEC guide lines exist for odour measurement in The Netherlands, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The usefulness of dynamic sampling is agreed on. The opinions differ as far as static sampling is concerned. It seems that both sam pling methods can be applied successfully for olfactomet-ric measurements. However, it is necessary to define the details of the procedures aiming at a standardization of sampling which might be the first step for a harmoni zation of olfactometric measurements in the laboratories of the different countries. 1 . INTRODUCTION The method of measuring odour sensorily in general can be devided into the following basic steps (1): - sample collection - sample dilution and presentation - indication of response - interpretation of response Due to the fact that many different testing procedures exist in the different laboratories, results can only be com pared when knowing exactly - the conditions and procedures for sampling of the air to be i nvesti gated, - the design and function of the olfactonnetric apparatus, and - the physiological and physical status of the panel. The olfactometric apparatus and the panel are in close connection with each other as shown in Table I whereas the sam pling procedure is more or less apart from the apparatus and the panel and affects the olfactometric inlet, only. However, sample collection is the first step and can influence the re sults considerably; thus, valid sampling is the base for valid

Biochemical testing is an important clinical tool in evaluating the physiology of reptiles and amphibians. Suitable point of care analyzers can allow for rapid delivery of results, but small patient size can inhibit sufficient sample collection. This study evaluated the utility of sample dilution with sterile distilled water as a means of biochemical evaluation when sample volume is limited. Blood was collected from 12 eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and 12 marine toads (Rhinella marinus) and analyzed via i-STAT CHEM8+ cartridges. Two undiluted samples and two samples diluted 1 : 1 with sterile water were evaluated immediately following collection for each animal in the study. Analytes reported in the diluted samples were limited to glucose, ionized calcium, and total carbon dioxide. The expected dilution ratio value of diluted to undiluted samples was 0.5, of which glucose in both turtles and toads was nearest. Dilution ratio values for ionized calcium, however, were higher than expected in both turtles and toads. Sample dilution is not recommended for most analytes included on the CHEM8+ cartridge due to values occurring outside the limits of detection for the analyzer. Glucose and ionized calcium values obtained on diluted samples should be interpreted with caution but may provide clinical utility in reptile and amphibian patients where sample volume is limited.

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Status Report on Sample Preparation Protocols Developed at the LMC14 Laboratory, Saclay, France: From Sample Collection to 14C AMS Measurement

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2016.116 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 713-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J-P Dumoulin ◽

C Comby-Zerbino ◽

E Delqué-Količ ◽

C Moreau ◽

I Caffy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽

Storage Time ◽

Status Report ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Laboratory Sample ◽

Different Types ◽

Chemical Pretreatments ◽

Sampling Procedures

AbstractThe main objective of this report is to present the dating process routinely applied to different types of samples at the Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14). All the results and protocols refer to our procedures over the last 5 years. A description of the sorting and chemical pretreatments of the samples as well as the extraction and graphitization of CO2 are reported. Our last study concerning the degradation of the blank level according to the storage time of the targets between graphitization and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement is also presented. This article also provides information on how to submit a valid laboratory sample. We give details relating to sampling procedures on site as well as contamination issues relative to the 14C dating methodology.

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The polemics of Singlish

English Today ◽

10.1017/s0266078401001055 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lee-Wong Song Mei

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

Linguistic Ideology ◽

Outer Circle ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Inner Circle ◽

And Function

An examination of the culture, identity and function of English in Singapore.The widespread use of English in Singapore has placed Singapore in the Outer Circle, along with India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Nigeria, the Philippines and others, in contrast with Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and others who belong to the Inner Circle (Kachru,1991). Placing countries in different circles – inner vs outer or expanding, based on the concept of nativization – has generated questions of democracy in linguistic ideology and related issues of norms and standards. These are discussed.

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Primary Care Patient Records in the United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future Research Priorities (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.11293 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Brian McMillan ◽

Robert Eastham ◽

Benjamin Brown ◽

Richard Fitton ◽

David Dickinson

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Primary Care Patient ◽

Research Priorities ◽

Care Patient ◽

Patient Record ◽

Future Research ◽

Form And Function ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

And Function

UNSTRUCTURED This paper briefly outlines the history of the medical record and the factors contributing to the adoption of computerized records in primary care in the United Kingdom. It discusses how both paper-based and electronic health records have traditionally been used in the past and goes on to examine how enabling patients to access their own primary care record online is changing the form and function of the patient record. In addition, it looks at the evidence for the benefits of Web-based access and discusses some of the challenges faced in this transition. Finally, some suggestions are made regarding the future of the patient record and research questions that need to be addressed to help deepen our understanding of how they can be used more beneficially by both patients and clinicians.

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Evaluation of Roche Hemolysis Index for Reporting of Plasma Hemoglobin, and Considerations Regarding Hemolysis Detection in Use of Ventricular-Assist Devices

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S31-S31

Author(s):

R Alqabbani ◽

D Stickle

Keyword(s):

Ventricular Assist Devices ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Ventricular Assist ◽

Assist Devices ◽

Packed Red Blood Cells ◽

Testing Procedures ◽

Therapeutic Drugs ◽

Plasma Hemoglobin ◽

Icteric Index ◽

Replicate Measurements

Abstract Introduction/Objective Our cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) asked the laboratory to provide plasma hemoglobin testing to monitor effects of ventricular-assist devices (VAD). Roche hemolysis index (HI) has been reported to be suitable for this purpose. Use of HI as a reportable test, however, must be validated in-house as a laboratory- developed test (LDT), according to CLIA regulations. We describe results of our evaluation, and caveats for intended use. Methods/Case Report Concentrated hemolysate was produced by osmotic lysis of packed red blood cells in water. Hemolysis in plasma was by dilution of concentrated hemolysate. Verification of HI as a measure of hemoglobin (mg/dL) used the Sigma-Aldrich spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay as a gold standard. Linearity, linear range, sensitivity, were investigated by dilution measurements; interferences by admixture experiments; reproducibility (precision, intra- and inter-assay) in each case by replicate measurements (n = 20). Results (if a Case Study enter NA) HI was confirmed to correspond to hemoglobin in mg/dL. Linearity was between 2-1000 mg/dL (r2 >0.99). Intra-assay precisions were <=2.5% (hemoglobin = 74,148 mg/dL); inter-assay precisions were <=4.9% (hemoglobin = 69,139 mg/dL). HI variability was ±2 at very low values (0-10 mg/dL). There were no interferences observed among common therapeutic drugs. Hyperlipemia (evaluated up to lipemic index (LI) = 225) and hyperbilirubinemia (evaluated up to icteric index (II) = 7) demonstrated no significant interference. Conclusion Analytically, HI exhibited acceptable performance for reporting of plasma hemoglobin. Deployment would require establishment of quality control (QC) and proficiency testing procedures for HI. Clinically, a caveat for use is that HI cannot distinguish between hemolysis in circulation vs. that due to sample collection. For the CICU, HI >10 mg/dL is characteristic of more than 20% of samples drawn in general, irrespective of use of VAD. Temporal patterns of HI must therefore be carefully evaluated in parallel with haptoglobin measurements to assist in VAD management.

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Email Consultations Between Patients and Doctors in Primary Care: Content Analysis

Journal of Medical Internet Research ◽

10.2196/18218 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. e18218

Author(s):

Helen Atherton ◽

Anne-Marie Boylan ◽

Abi Eccles ◽

Joanna Fleming ◽

Clare R Goyder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

General Practice ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Face To Face ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Face ◽

And Function

Background Increasingly, consultations in health care settings are conducted remotely using a range of communication technologies. Email allows for 2-way text-based communication, occurring asynchronously. Studies have explored the content and nature of email consultations to understand the use, structure, and function of email consultations. Most previous content analyses of email consultations in primary care settings have been conducted in North America, and these have shown that concerns and assumptions about how email consultations work have not been realized. There has not been a UK-based content analysis of email consultations. Objective This study aims to explore and delineate the content of consultations conducted via email in English general practice by conducting a content analysis of email consultations between general practitioners (GPs) and patients. Methods We conducted a content analysis of anonymized email consultations between GPs and patients in 2 general practices in the United Kingdom. We examined the descriptive elements of the correspondence to ascertain when the emails were sent, the number of emails in an email consultation, and the nature of the content. We used a normative approach to analyze the content of the email consultations to explore the use and function of email consultation. Results We obtained 100 email consultations from 85 patients, which totaled 262 individual emails. Most email users were older than 40 years, and over half of the users were male. The email consultations were mostly short and completed in a few days. Emails were mostly sent and received during the day. The emails were mostly clinical in content rather than administrative and covered a wide range of clinical presentations. There were 3 key themes to the use and function of the email consultations: the role of the GP and email consultation, the transactional nature of an email consultation, and the operationalization of an email consultation. Conclusions Most cases where emails are used to have a consultation with a patient in general practice have a shorter consultation, are clinical in nature, and are resolved quickly. GPs approach email consultations using key elements similar to that of the face-to-face consultation; however, using email consultations has the potential to alter the role of the GP, leading them to engage in more administrative tasks than usual. Email consultations were not a replacement for face-to-face consultations.

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Basisteoretiese grondslae van die seën in die erediens en voortvloeiende riglyne vir die liturgie

In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi ◽

10.4102/ids.v41i3.312 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ben De Klerk

Keyword(s):

Jesus Christ ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

The World ◽

Biblical Foundations ◽

And Function ◽

Church Service ◽

Meaning And Function ◽

The Church ◽

Guide Lines ◽

Theoretical Foundations

Basic-theoretical foundations of the blessing in the worship service and ensuing guidelines for the liturgy The Biblical foundations of the blessing in the church service and the meaning and function of the salutatory and sending- away blessings are the focus of this article. A short extract from history follows, and based on findings from Scripture and his- tory, theoretical perspectives for practice and liturgical guide- lines are indicated. Some of the most important conclusions drawn are the following: The congregation of Jesus Christ should receive the blessing of the Lord as indispensable gift in its assemblage. Without this blessing communion with God and each other, trust in God and fulfilment of each believer’s voca- tion in the world are impossible. The salutatory blessing pours out onto the congregation all the blessings that enable mem- bers to participate to advantage in the church service. The congregation is blessed and sent back into the world by God himself. Without the sending-away blessing the congregation cannot fulfil its vocation in the world, especially to be witnesses for Christ. If an ordained minister of the gospel is present in the gathering of the congregation he should pronounce the bles- sing, which comes directly from God. It is vital that the congre- gation appropriate the blessing in faith by means of an overt act, namely by saying “amen” to that.

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Bell's palsy

InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice ◽

10.1177/17557380211046284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 733-741

Author(s):

Frith Cull ◽

Holli Coleman

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Rapid Onset ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Bell's Palsy ◽

Ocular Complications ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Common Diagnosis ◽

Nerve Paresis ◽

And Function

Bell's palsy is the term given to an idiopathic lower motor neurone facial nerve paresis or paralysis. It is of rapid onset, almost always unilateral, and may be associated with facial or retro-auricular pain or otalgia. It is the most common diagnosis associated with facial nerve palsy; a GP will see a case approximately every 2 years in practice in the United Kingdom. Early diagnosis and steroid treatment increase the likelihood of full recovery, whereas ocular complications can be prevented by lubricants and lid taping. Over 70% of patients recover within a year. Options to improve facial appearance and function, in those who do not experience a complete recovery, include surgery.

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