scholarly journals Effects of stimulation of muscarinic receptors on bladder afferent nerves in the in vitro bladder–pelvic afferent nerve preparation of the rat

2010 ◽  
Vol 1361 ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongbei Yu ◽  
William C. de Groat
Keyword(s):  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Nervous rhythm arising from rivalry of antagonistic reflexes: Reflex stepping as outcome of double reciprocal innervation

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 233-261 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Simultaneous Stimulation ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contralateral Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

The observations with which the present communication deals were met with in experiments continuing those on reciprocal innervation of symmetrical muscles. In my previous paper on that subject it had been reported that in regard to symmetrical extensors of the knee the ratio borne by intensity of the ipsilateral inhibition to the contralateral excitation is such that with equal stimuli to right and left symmetrical afferent nerves there is inhibitory suppression of contraction in both the muscles. In other words, under double reciprocal innervation the ipsilateral inhibition by each nerve completely overcomes the contralateral excitation of the other. It was shown that this mutual suppression holds over a wide range of the scale of intensities of stimulation. It was also shown that with quite weak stimuli a simultaneous stimulation of both nerves, stimuli being equal in intensity, often results in concurrent contraction of both muscles. Indeed, with quite weak stimuli, the effect of stimulation of each afferent nerve by itself is, in the decerebrate preparation, usually contraction of the ipsilateral as well as of the contralateral muscle. This being so, it is evident that at some point in the scale of intensities of stimulation there should be a place below which contralateral excitation is stronger than ipsilateral inhibition, whereas above it ipsilateral inhibition is stronger than contralateral excitation.

Inhibition of spinal afferent nerve-mediated gastric hyperemia by nicotine: role of ganglionic blockade

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (4) ◽  
pp. H1087-H1092
Author(s):  
F. W. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Gastric Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Vasodilatory Effect ◽  
Blocking Property ◽  
Intravenous Nicotine ◽  
Ganglionic Blocking ◽  
Stimulation Of

The hypothesis that intravenous nicotine modulates gastric spinal afferent nerve function by its ganglionic-blocking property is tested. Stimulation of the gastric spinal afferent nerves in anesthetized rats is accomplished by intragastric capsaicin irrigation. Gastric blood flow is monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The increase in gastric blood flow during intragastric capsaicin irrigation is significantly reduced by 4 and 40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 of intravenous nicotine. The inhibition appears to be specific for the spinal afferent nerves as the increase in gastric blood flow induced by electrical stimulation of the vagal afferent nerves is unaltered by these doses of intravenous nicotine. A ganglionic-blocking dose (10 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal hexamethonium also significantly attenuates the gastric vasodilatory effect of intragastric capsaicin. Intravenous nicotine (40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) combined with intraperitoneal hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) completely abolishes the gastric vasodilatory effect of intragastric capsaicin. These data suggest that intravenous nicotine offers a specific inhibition of the gastric spinal afferent nerve-mediated hyperemia, possibly as a consequence of its ganglionic-blocking property.

Interaction between primary afferent nerves in the elicitation of reflex swallowing

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. R407-R414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weerasuriya ◽  
D. Bieger ◽  
C. H. Hockman
Keyword(s):  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Primary Afferent Nerves ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Primary Afferent Nerve ◽  
Stimulation Of

In adult cats anesthetized with urethan, a number of observations were made that support the concept that some control over the rate of reflexly induced swallowing occurs in the intermediate network at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract. It was shown that different nerves, e.g., the two superior laryngeal and glossopharyngeal nerves, when activated in sequence interact in such a manner as to facilitate reflex swallowing. It was also shown that the decrement in the reflex response observed to continuous stimulation of a primary afferent nerve, e.g., one superior laryngeal, can be reversed by switching the stimulation to another nerve either on the same or contralateral side. And finally, following discrete medullary lesions, it was observed that that portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract located 2 mm or more rostral to the rostralmost point of the dorsal medial sulcus appears to contain an integral component of the intermediate network that governs reflexly induced swallowing, whereas lesions restricted to the ventrolateral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract have no effect on the reflex response.

Fos induction in rat brain neurons after stimulation of the hepatoportal Na-sensitive mechanism

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (3) ◽  
pp. R913-R923 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Morita ◽  
Y. Yamashita ◽  
Y. Nishida ◽  
M. Tokuda ◽  
O. Hatase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

Responses of hepatic afferent nerves to intraportal bolus injection of hypertonic solutions were examined in anesthetized rats. Hepatic afferent nerve activity increased in response to an intraportal injection of 0.75 M NaCl or NaHCO3 but did not respond to a similar injection of 1.5 M mannitol, 0.75 M LiCl, or 0.15 M NaCl, implying that nerves in the hepatoportal area are sensitive to increases in Na concentrations and that this leads to stimulation of hepatic afferent nerve activity. To study central activation in response to stimulation of the hepatic Na-sensitive mechanism, c-fos induction was monitored. After electrical stimulation of hepatic afferent nerves, neurons containing Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-li) were found in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus at 90 min after stimulation. Induction of Fos-li was also studied after simultaneous infusion of 0.45 M NaCl into the portal vein and distilled water into the inferior vena cava in conscious rats so as to keep the total amount of solution introduced into the systemic circulation isotonic, thus avoiding changes in mean arterial pressure, plasma osmolality, and plasma NaCl concentrations. Fos-li-containing neurons were found in the same regions in which they were found after electrical stimulation. However, few, if any, Fos-li-containing cells were found if the rats were hepatically denervated or if they received an intraportal infusion of hypertonic LiCl or mannitol. These data provide evidence for involvement of the brain stem and forebrain structures in NaCl regulatory functions induced by stimulation of the hepatoportal Na-sensitive mechanism. However, stimulation of the hepatoportal osmosensitive mechanism does not activate these central structures.

Effect of efferent denervation of the vagus nerve on nonadrenergic inhibitory responses obtained from the rat stomach in vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1303-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Huggins ◽  
M. A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Sensory Ganglion ◽  
Rat Stomach ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Nodose Ganglia ◽  
Antidromic Stimulation ◽  
Biphasic Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

The possibility that antidromic stimulation of afferent nerves is involved in the mediation of nonadrenergie inhibitory (NAI) responses obtained from isolated preparations was tested using the isolated rat stomach – vagus nerve preparation. Unilateral supranodose vagotomies 7 – 21 days prior to obtaining the preparations permitted efferent denervation to occur and the responses obtained in vitro from stimulation of the sectioned nerves were compared with those from the control nerves. Supranodose vagotomy abolished the responses obtained from the preparations while stimulation of the control nerves gave rise to normal biphasic responses consisting of both excitatory and NAI components. Histological examination of the nodose ganglia revealed the presence of normal sensory ganglion cells while abundant intact axons were observed in nerve trunks on the lesioned side. It is concluded that afferent nerves in the vagus are not involved in the mediation of NAI responses obtained from the rat stomach in vitro.

Implantable stimulating electrode for baroreceptor afferent nerves in rabbits

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. H706-H709
Author(s):  
J. M. Karemaker ◽  
C. Borst ◽  
A. W. Schreurs
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Flexible Electrode ◽  
Current Leakage ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Early Failures ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

An implantable stimulating electrode was developed for baroreceptor afferent nerves in the freely moving rabbit (nerve diam 0.1-0.2 mm). It consists of highly flexible electrode leads (coiled Pt-Ir wire) and silicone rubber (Silastic) as insulation. The electrodes were shown to be effective for up to 245 days after implantation in the neck. Electrode failure was due to dislodgment of the electrode (early failures) or (ultimately) cable breakage. Heart rate and blood pressure responses of separate and combined stimulation of depressor and carotid sinus nerves are shown. In vitro studies demonstrated some current leakage from the electrode to surrounding tissues, but the in vivo measurements show the validity of the method.

scholarly journals Reversal of the reflex effect of an afferent nerve by altering the character of the electrical stimulus applied

1911 ◽  
Vol 83 (566) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Afferent Limb ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Reflex Effect ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Central Inhibition ◽  
Reflex Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of an afferent limb-nerve in the decerebrate or decapitate mammal (cat, dog) gives as its reflex result flexion of that limb; during this flexion the pure extensor muscles of the limb relax under central inhibition. In the hind limb this reflex effect is observable in the isolated vasto-crureus, the main extensor muscle of the knee; that muscle if engaged in contraction relaxes when the afferent nerve is stimulated. Its elongation is the sign of the central inhibition which takes place. If the reflex stimulation be strong the muscle relaxes quickly and greatly; if the stimulation be weak the relaxation is slower and less ample. These results are easily demonstrable by using as a stimulus either faradism or mechanical stimulation such as ligation of the central stump of the afferent nerve. Usual and uniform as this result is, we find it possible in the decerebrate preparation under certain conditions to obtain reflex contraction of vastocrureus as well as reflex inhibition, and to elicit the contraction through the same afferent nerves as under other conditions so regularly elicit inhibition. The condition influencing the nature of the reflex result in this respect are (1) the strength and (2) the form of the electrical stimulus applied to the afferent nerve, and (3) the reflex state obtaining in the preparation at the time.

Cardiovascular effects of thoracic afferent nerve stimulation in conscious dogs

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Armour ◽  
J. B. Pace
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflexes ◽  
Force Of Contraction ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Afferent stimulation of a severed thoracic autonomic nerve in 18 conscious dogs produced in 13 instances hypertension and in 5 instances hypotension. Reflex hypertension was usually accompanied by augmented atrial and ventricular force of contraction. The hypertension could be maintained for over 5-min duration by constant stimulation. Inotropic changes accompanying this hypertension were accentuated following atropine administration and abolished by propranolol. Blood pressure changes following atropinization were initially augmented. On the other hand reflex hypotension was accompanied by bradycardia and decreased atrial contractility. These changes were essentially abolished by atropine. Afferent nerve stimulation with frequencies as low as 1 Hz initiated reflex changes. Maximal responses were obtained by stimulation frequencies of 10–15 Hz. It is concluded that significant and relatively sustained cardiovascular reflexes can be generated by stimulation of cardiac afferent nerves in conscious dogs.

scholarly journals A Novel Single Compartment In Vitro Model for Electrophysiological Research Using the Perfluorocarbon FC-770

2016 ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. CHOUDHARY ◽  
F. CLAVICA ◽  
R. VAN MASTRIGT ◽  
E. VAN ASSELT
Keyword(s):  
Afferent Nerve ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Single Compartment ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrophysiological studies of whole organ systems in vitro often require measurement of nerve activity and/or stimulation of the organ via the associated nerves. Currently two-compartment setups are used for such studies. These setups are complicated and require two fluids in two separate compartments and stretching the nerve across one chamber to the other, which may damage the nerves. We aimed at developing a simple single compartment setup by testing the electrophysiological properties of FC-770 (a perfluorocarbon) for in vitro recording of bladder afferent nerve activity and electrical stimulation of the bladder. Perflurocarbons are especially suitable for such a setup because of their high oxygen carrying capacity and insulating properties. In male Wistar rats, afferent nerve activity was recorded from postganglionic branches of the pelvic nerve in vitro, in situ and in vivo. The bladder was stimulated electrically via the efferent nerves. Organ viability was monitored by recording spontaneous contractions of the bladder. Additionally, histological examinations were done to test the effect of FC-770 on the bladder tissue. Afferent nerve activity was successfully recorded in a total of 11 rats. The bladders were stimulated electrically and high amplitude contractions were evoked. Histological examinations and monitoring of spontaneous contractions showed that FC-770 maintained organ viability and did not cause damage to the tissue. We have shown that FC-770 enables a simple, one compartment in vitro alternative for the generally used two compartment setups for whole organ electrophysiological studies.

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