This article attempts to investigate the impacts of bilateral trade on the environment by estimating the embodied carbon emissions between China and Germany over the period 1999–2018. The above impacts are broadly explored in the literature both under the framework of theoretical and empirical analysis. However, there exist fewer empirical studies exploring the nonlinear relationship between trade volumes and carbon emissions between a well-developed and emerging economies. By applying the multiregional input-output (MRIO) model, this article aims to reveal the impacts of trade on the environment in the case of China–Germany. Specifically, trade amounts between China and Germany rank high with a similarly increasing trend and both of them are large net exporting countries. However, China experienced much larger carbon emissions embodied in its exports to Germany. Despite potential concerns on the carbon leakage issue of China from Germany, we find that the bilateral trades fit an inverse U-shape in the embodied carbon emissions, which suggests that the trade between the two countries can finally reduce carbon intensity without obstructing economic development particularly in the long-term. This paper guides policy-makers to quantify the issue of CO2 transfer among bilateral trades in order to achieve the target of trading sustainability.
A method of uncertainty analysis for whole-life embodied carbon emissions (CO2-e) of building materials of a net-zero energy building in Australia
