Effective airway dimensions (EADs) were determined in vivo by aerosol-derived airway morphometry as a function of volumetric lung depth (VLD) to identify and characterize, noninvasively, the caliber of the transitional bronchiole region of the human lung and to compare the EADs by age, gender, and disease. By logarithmically plotting EAD vs. VLD, two distinct regions of the lung emerged that were identified by characteristic line slopes. The intersection of proximal and distal segments was defined as VLDtransand associated EADtrans. In our normal subjects ( n = 20), VLDtrans [345 ± 83 (SD) ml] correlated significantly with anatomic dead space (224 ± 34 ml) and end of phase II of single-breath nitrogen washout (360 ± 53 ml). The corresponding EADtranswas 0.42 ± 0.07 mm, in agreement with other ex vivo measurements of the transitional bronchioles. VLDtrans was smaller (216 ± 64 ml) and EADtrans was larger (0.83 ± 0.04 mm) in our patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( n = 13). VLDtrans increased with age for children (age 8–18 yr; P = 0.006, n = 26) and with total lung capacity for age 8–81 yr ( P < 0.001, n = 61). This study extends the usefulness of aerosol-derived airway morphometry to in vivo measurements of the transitional bronchioles.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of temoporfin-loaded PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles for use in photodynamic therapy
