Morphological integration of the canine region within the hominine alveolar arch

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 102942
Author(s):  
Julie Lawrence ◽  
William H. Kimbel
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Alveolar Arch

Methods for Studying Morphological Integration and Modularity

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 213-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Goswami ◽  
P. David Polly
Keyword(s):  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Euclidean Distance Matrix ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Graphical Modelling ◽  
Landmark Data ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Matrix Correlation

Morphological integration and modularity are closely related concepts about how different traits of an organism are correlated. Integration is the overall pattern of intercorrelation; modularity is the partitioning of integration into evolutionarily or developmentally independent blocks of traits. Modularity and integration are usually studied using quantitative phenotypic data, which can be obtained either from extant or fossil organisms. Many methods are now available to study integration and modularity, all of which involve the analysis of patterns found in trait correlation or covariance matrices. We review matrix correlation, random skewers, fluctuating asymmetry, cluster analysis, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA), graphical modelling, two-block partial least squares, RV coefficients, and theoretical matrix modelling and discuss their similarities and differences. We also review different coefficients that are used to measure correlations. We apply all the methods to cranial landmark data from and ontogenetic series of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscatato illustrate the methods and their individual strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that the exploratory approaches (cluster analyses of various sorts) were less informative and less consistent with one another than were the results of model testing or comparative approaches. Nevertheless, we found that competing models of modularity and integration are often similar enough that they are not statistically distinguishable; we expect, therefore, that several models will often be significantly correlated with observed data.

scholarly journals Unravelling the hybrid vigor in domestic equids: the effect of hybridization on bone shape variation and covariation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Hanot ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
Claude Guintard ◽  
Raphaël Cornette
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
Functional Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Processes

Abstract Background Hybridization has been widely practiced in plant and animal breeding as a means to enhance the quality and fitness of the organisms. In domestic equids, this hybrid vigor takes the form of improved physical and physiological characteristics, notably for strength or endurance. Because the offspring of horse and donkey is generally sterile, this widely recognized vigor is expressed in the first generation (F1). However, in the absence of recombination between the two parental genomes, F1 hybrids can be expected to be phenotypically intermediate between their parents which could potentially restrict the possibilities of an increase in overall fitness. In this study, we examine the morphology of the main limb bones of domestic horses, donkeys and their hybrids to investigate the phenotypic impact of hybridization on the locomotor system. We explore bone shape variation and covariation to gain insights into the morphological and functional expressions of the hybrid vigor commonly described in domestic equids. Results Our data reveal the occurrence of transgressive effects on several bones in the F1 generation. The patterns of morphological integration further demonstrate that the developmental processes producing covariation are not disrupted by hybridization, contrary to functional ones. Conclusions These results suggest that an increase in overall fitness could be related to more flexibility in shape change in hybrids, except for the main forelimb long bones of which the morphology is strongly driven by muscle interactions. More broadly, this study illustrates the interest of investigating not only bone shape variation but also underlying processes, in order to contribute to better understanding how developmental and functional mechanisms are affected by hybridization.

scholarly journals Symmetry breaking of the cellular lobes closely relates to phylogenetic structure within green microalgae of theMicrasteriaslineage (Zygnematophyceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Neustupa ◽  
Jan Stastny
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Morphological Asymmetry ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Average Shape

Green microalgae of theMicrasteriaslineage are unicellular microorganisms with modular morphology consisting of successively differentiated lobes. Due to their morphological diversity and peculiar morphogenesis, these species are important model systems for studies of cytomorphogenesis and cellular plasticity. Interestingly, the phylogenetic structure of theMicrasteriaslineage and most other Desmidiales is poorly related to the traditional morphological characters used for delimitation of taxa. In this study, we focused on symmetry breaking between adjacent cellular lobes in relation to phylogeny of the studied species. While pronounced morphological asymmetry between the adjacent lobes is typical for some species, others have been characterized by the almost identical morphologies of these structures. We asked whether there is any detectable average shape asymmetry between the pairs of lobes and terminal lobules in 19Micrasteriasspecies representing all major clades of this desmidiacean lineage. Then, we evaluated whether the asymmetric patterns among species are phylogenetically structured. The analyses showed that the phylogeny was in fact strongly related to the patterns of morphological asymmetry between the adjacent cellular lobes. Thus, evolution of the asymmetric development between the adjacent lobes proved to be the key event differentiating cellular shape patterns ofMicrasterias. Conversely, the phylogeny was only weakly related to asymmetry between the pairs of terminal lobules. The subsequent analyses of the phylogenetic morphological integration showed that individual hierarchical levels of cellular morphology were only weakly coordinated with regard to asymmetric variation among species. This finding indicates that evolutionary differentiation of morphogenetic processes leading to symmetry breaking may be relatively independent at different branching levels. Such modularity is probably the key to the evolvability of cellular shapes, leading to the extraordinary morphological diversity of these intriguing microalgae.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydroxyapatite on Bone Graft Resorption in an Experimental Model of Maxillary Alveolar Arch Defects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Pilanci ◽  
Can Cinar ◽  
Samet Kuvat ◽  
Muzaffer Altintas ◽  
Zeki Guzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Graft ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Graft Resorption ◽  
Alveolar Arch

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION OF AGRO-PHYTOCENOSES AND FERTILIZER OF THE OIL RADISH ON THE BASIS OF THE MODULAR-VITALITY METHOD

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Tsytsiura
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The article presents the results of a long-term study of the features of the phytocenology of agrophytocenoses of oil radish using different methods for assessing their condition and studying the tactics of the plant vitality strategy. A comprehensive assessment was made of the effect of changes in row spacing, seeding rates and fertilizer rates on the formation of various plant morphotypes, the variability of morphological characters and the general characteristics of plant viability. Three idiotypes of the plant oil radish were identified in a vertical study of agrophytocenosis, on the basis of which a detailed analysis of the variability of each group and a statistical assessment of the reliability of its existence were carried out. The features of the morphological integration of each tier are analyzed and its impact on the formation of the overall field productivity is evaluated. Based on the modular and vitality grouping, the effectiveness and feasibility of combining various options for plant density and fertilizer in the range of 30-90 kg of active substance per 1 ha were evaluated. Conclusions are drawn about the desired model of agrophytocenosis of oil radish based on the characteristics of its vital tactics and the goals of its growing. Grouping was carried out according to a variety of morphological traits of plants in the population and the possibilities of applying the basic patterns of phytocenology in their application to radish oilseed plants were evaluated. Through the use of regression analysis, the influence of climatic conditions on the formation of various morphological types of plants and the nature of the relationship of plants of oil radish in cenoses of various densities against the background of various fertilizer options has been evaluated. The main promising areas for further research on the peculiarities of creating highly productive and highly adaptable agrophytocenoses of oil radish have been outlined.

scholarly journals Morphological integration during postnatal ontogeny: implications for evolutionary biology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Hubbe ◽  
Guilherme Garcia ◽  
Harley Sebastiao ◽  
Arthur Porto ◽  
Fabio Andrade Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Ontogenetic Stage ◽  
Postnatal Ontogeny ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages

Understanding how development changes the genetic covariance of complex phenotypes is fundamental for the study of evolution. If the genetic covariance changes dramatically during postnatal ontogeny, one cannot infer confidently evolutionary responses based on the genetic covariance estimated from a single postnatal ontogenetic stage. Mammalian skull morphology is a common model system for studying the evolution of complex structures. These studies often involve estimating covariance between traits based on adult individuals. There is robust evidence that covariances changes during ontogeny. However, it is unknown whether differences in age-specific covariances can, in fact, bias evolutionary analyses made at subadult ages. To explore this issue, we sampled two marsupials from the order Didelphimorphia, and one precocial and one altricial placental at different stages of postnatal ontogeny. We calculated the phenotypic variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) for each genus at these postnatal ontogenetic stages. Then, we compared within genus P-matrices and also P-matrices with available congeneric additive genetic variance-covariance matrices (G-matrices) using Random Skewers and the Krzanowsky projection methods. Our results show that the structural similarity between matrices is in general high (> 0.7). Our study supports that the G-matrix in therian mammals is conserved during most of the postnatal ontogeny. Thus it is feasible to study life-history changes and evolutionary responses based on the covariance estimated from a single ontogenetic stage. Our results also suggest that at least for some marsupials the G-matrix varies considerably prior to weaning, which does not invalidate our previous conclusion because specimens at this stage would experience striking differences in selective regimes than during later ontogenetic stages.

Three-Dimensional Comparison between the Palatal Forms in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate with and without Hotz Plate from Cheiloplasty to Palatoplasty

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuaki Mishima ◽  
Toshio Sugahara ◽  
Yoshihide Mori ◽  
Masayoshi Sakuda
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Alveolar Ridge ◽  
Maxillary Arch ◽  
Alveolar Arch

The palatal forms in 20 infants with a complete unilateral cleft lip, and palate (12 with a Hotz plate and 8 without, selected at random) were studied from birth until 18 months of age. Using techniques developed previously, the degree of curvature In the palate and the magnitude of migration of the maxillary segments were measured three-dimensionally. Furthermore, using a newly developed method to approximate a set of the points on the alveolar ridge to a circle in a plane, the form of the alveolar arch was evaluated. Results from the group with a Hotz plate revealed that the plate possesses four effects not seen in the group without a Hotz plate. The size of the palate was larger, and the sagittal gap between the two segments of the maxilla was smaller. These results suggest that the appliance could stimulate the growth of the segments and could prevent collapse of the maxillary arch from the force of lip closure. Third, the steepness of the segments toward the nasal cavity was smaller, possibly occurring because the appliance prevents tongue intrusion into the cleft. Fourth, the magnitude of migration of the lesser segment toward the cleft edge of the major segment was larger. This result suggests that the appliance could guide the growth of the maxillary segments to narrow the cleft width until 18 months of age.

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