Identifying areas for infectious animal disease surveillance in the absence of population data: Highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild bird populations of Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Iglesias ◽  
A.M. Perez ◽  
A. De la Torre ◽  
M.J. Muñoz ◽  
M. Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Reproductive ratio for the local spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild bird populations of Europe, 2005–2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. IGLESIAS ◽  
A. M. PEREZ ◽  
J. M. SÁNCHEZ-VIZCAÍNO ◽  
M. J. MUÑOZ ◽  
M. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Source Of Infection

SUMMARYHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has devastating consequences for the poultry industry of affected countries. Control of HPAI has been impaired by the role of wildlife species that act as disease reservoirs and as a potential source of infection for domestic populations. The reproductive ratio (R0) of HPAI was quantified in nine clusters of outbreaks detected in wild birds in Europe (2005–2008) for which population data were not available. The median value of R0 was similar (1·1–3·4) for the nine clusters and it was about tenfold smaller than the value estimated for poultry in The Netherlands in 2003. Results presented here will be useful to parameterize models for spread of HPAI in wild birds and to design effective prevention programmes for the European poultry sector. The method is suitable to estimate R0 in the absence of population data, which is a condition typically observed for many wildlife and certain domestic species and systems.

scholarly journals Multiple gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mallards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Leyson ◽  
Sungsu Youk ◽  
Helena L. Ferreira ◽  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Mary Pantin-Jackwood
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Single Segment ◽  
H5n8 Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from the H5Nx Goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to cause outbreaks in domestic and wild bird populations. Two distinct genetic groups of H5N8 HPAI viruses, HA clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4B, caused intercontinental outbreaks in 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 respectively. Experimental infections using viruses from these outbreaks demonstrated a marked difference in virulence in mallards, with the H5N8 virus from 2014 causing mild clinical disease and the 2016 H5N8 virus causing high mortality. To assess which gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of H5N8 HPAI viruses in mallards, we generated reassortant viruses with 2014 and 2016 viruses. For single-segment reassortants in the genetic backbone of the 2016 virus, pathogenesis experiments in mallards revealed that morbidity and mortality were reduced for all eight single-segment reassortants compared to the parental 2016 virus, with significant reductions in mortality observed with the PB2, NP, and M reassortants. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed with reassortants that either have the polymerase complex segments or the HA and NA segments of the 2016 virus in the genetic backbone of the 2014 virus. In vitro assays showed that the NP and PA segments of the 2014 virus lowered polymerase activity when combined with the polymerase complex segments of the 2016 virus. Furthermore, the M segment of the 2016 H5N8 virus was linked to filamentous virion morphology. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that gene segments related to the more virulent 2016 H5N8 virus have persisted in the contemporary H5Nx HPAI gene pool until 2020. Importance Outbreaks of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from the Goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to occur in many countries and have resulted in substantial impact on wild birds and poultry. Epidemiological evidence has shown that wild waterfowl play a major role in the spread of these viruses. While HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous species causes high mortality, a wide range of disease outcomes have been observed in waterfowl species. In this study, we examined which gene segments contribute to severe disease in mallards infected with H5N8 HPAI viruses. No virus gene was solely responsible for attenuating the high virulence of a 2016 H5N8 virus, but the PB2, NP, and M segments significantly reduced mortality. The findings herein advance our knowledge on the pathobiology of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and has potential implications in the ecology and epidemiology of H5Nx HPAI in wild bird populations.

scholarly journals Lack of virological and serological evidence for continued circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in wild birds in the Netherlands, 14 November 2014 to 31 January 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein J Poen ◽  
Josanne H Verhagen ◽  
Ruth J Manvell ◽  
Ian Brown ◽  
Theo M Bestebroer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n8 Virus

In 2014, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage emerged in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Here, wild birds were extensively investigated in the Netherlands for HPAI H5N8 virus (real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix and H5 gene) and antibody detection (haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation assays) before, during and after the first virus detection in Europe in late 2014. Between 21 February 2015 and 31 January 2016, 7,337 bird samples were tested for the virus. One HPAI H5N8 virus-infected Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) sampled on 25 February 2015 was detected. Serological assays were performed on 1,443 samples, including 149 collected between 2007 and 2013, 945 between 14 November 2014 and 13 May 2015, and 349 between 1 September and 31 December 2015. Antibodies specific for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 were absent in wild bird sera obtained before 2014 and present in sera collected during and after the HPAI H5N8 emergence in Europe, with antibody incidence declining after the 2014/15 winter. Our results indicate that the HPAI H5N8 virus has not continued to circulate extensively in wild bird populations since the 2014/15 winter and that independent maintenance of the virus in these populations appears unlikely.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H5N1 isolated from wild birds and mammals in northern Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Weber ◽  
Timm Harder ◽  
Elke Starick ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
Ortrud Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Isolate ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Analysis of the full-length sequences of all eight segments of the German wild-bird H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus index isolate, A/Cygnus cygnus/Germany/R65/2006, and an H5N1 isolate from a cat (A/cat/Germany/R606/2006) obtained during an outbreak in February 2006 revealed a very high similarity between these two sequences. One amino acid substitution in the PA gene, encoding a protein involved in virus RNA replication, and one amino acid substitution in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein were observed. Phylogenetic analyses of the HA and neuraminidase nucleotide sequences showed that avian influenza H5N1 isolates from the Astrakhan region located in southern Russia were the closest relatives. Reassortment events could be excluded in comparison with other ‘Qinghai-like’ H5N1 viruses. In addition, an H5N1 isolate originating from a single outbreak in poultry in Germany was found to be related closely to the H5N1 viruses circulating at that time in the wild-bird population.

scholarly journals Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Caliendo ◽  
Nicola S Lewis ◽  
Anne Pohlmann ◽  
Jonas Waldenstrom ◽  
Marielle van Toor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza H5n1 ◽  
H5n1 Hpai

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage (GsGd), which threaten the health of poultry, wildlife and humans, are spreading across Asia, Europe and Africa, but are currently absent from Oceania and the Americas. In December 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were detected in poultry and a free-living gull in St. John, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses were most closely related to HPAI GsGd viruses circulating in northwestern Europe in spring 2021. Analysis of wild bird migration suggested that these viruses may have been carried across the Atlantic via Iceland, Greenland/Arctic or pelagic routes. The here documented incursion of HPAI GsGd viruses into North America raises concern for further virus spread across the Americas by wild bird migration.

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