Resistance ofHelicobacter pylorito antibiotics ranges from 3% to 10% and may exceed these levels in some countries. The pathophysiology of clarithromycin resistance is reviewed, including the mode of action by which the antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis and the mechanism of resistance, which involves a mutation at position 2142 or 2143 in the V loop domain of the 23S rRNA genes. Mutations of A2142G confer a higher minimum inhibitory concentration than mutations of A2143G. The former demonstrate cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics, whereas the latter are susceptible to streptogramin B. In vitro mutagenesis combined with natural transformation were used to create several types of clarithromycin-resistant mutants.H pyloristrains with A2142G and A2143G mutations had a higher growth rate than those with A2142C, A2143 or A2142T mutations. Data from this study indicate why clarithromycin-resistant clinical isolates ofH pyloriare more likely to have A2142G or A2143G mutations and only occasionally A2142C mutations.
tRNA genes are found between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes in Bacillus subtilis