Dysphagia concerns 10–89% patients after total laryngectomy; to a greater extent, it concerns patients receiving complementary radiotherapy. The disease mechanism is associated with anatomical changes after surgery (scope of surgery) or complications of adjuvant therapy (xerostomia, neuropathy, swelling of tissue, etc.). The above changes lead to: decreased mobility of the lateral walls of the pharynx and tongue retraction, the occurrence of lingual pumping, decreased swallowing reflex, weakening of the upper esophageal sphincter opening, contraction of the cricopharyngeal muscle, tissue fibrosis, formation of pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum, etc. As a result: regurgitation of food through the nose and oral cavity, food sticking in middle and lower pharynx, prolongation of bolus transit time. Upon the formation of tracheoesophageal fistula, there may be aspiration of gastric contents. The above changes considerably reduce patients’ quality of life after surgery. The diagnostic protocol includes: medical interview (questionnaires can be helpful such as: EAT 10, SSQ, MDADI, DHI), clinical swallowing assessment and instrumental examinations: primarily videofluoroscopy but also endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. In selected cases, multifrequency manometry is necessary. The treatment options include: surgical methods (e.g. balloon dilatation of the upper esophageal sphincter, cricopharyngeal myotomy, pharyngeal plexus neurectomy, removal of the pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum), conservative methods (e.g. botulinum toxin injection of the upper esophageal sphincter, speech therapy, nutritional treatment) and supportive methods such as consultation with a psychologis physiotherapist, clinical dietitian. The selection of a specific treatment method should be preceded by a diagnostic process in which the mechanism of functional disorders related to voice formation and swallowing will be established.
Botulinum Toxin Injection for the Treatment of Upper Esophageal Sphincter Dysfunction
