The Practice of China’s Cosmetic Medicine Dated Back to 3 800–4 800 Years Ago

Most popular fillers in cosmetic medicine are hyaluronic acid based. These comprise over 90% of the market and come with the advantage to be soluble in case of complications. Other fillers are contained in the group of bio-stimulatory fillers. They exert a secondary volumizing effect by provoking a low-grade inflammatory response that produces extra collagen. Examples are calcium-hydroxyapatite and L-poly-lactid acid. Finally autologous fat is being used as a filling substance (lipofilling). The gravest complications with fillers are intravascular injections. In particular when injected in arteries fillers can block blood flow and lead to skin necrosis or vison loss in case the material occludes the Central Retinal Artery (CRAO). Two opposing theories about the nature of arterial occlusion exist. One based on Ian Taylor idea of choke anastomoses assume vasoconstriction induced by the filler, both of the primary offended artery and its anastomosing vasosomes. In this case resolving the hyaluronic acid filler with the enzyme hyaluronidase at the primary occluding location would suffice. This is done under ultrasound guidance. The other theory assumes displacement of parts of the filler to end arterioles. Then, the whole affected area has to be flooded with large dosages of hyaluronidase. Obstructions with fillers based on other materials cannot be resolved. It seems logical to prevent intra-arterial filler injection by duplex sonography detection of the course of arteries prior to injection. Ultrasound has additional advantages for cosmetic doctors such as recognizing remains of previously injected filler. It also can give feedback on a physician’s ability to inject filler in the correct subdermal location.

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Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Stereotype A and Its Relevant Mechanisms of Action in Both Cosmetic and Therapeutic Uses

10.53902/cttpr.2021.01.000503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Orien L Tulp

Keyword(s):

Acetylcholine Release ◽

Blocking Agent ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Neuromuscular Blocking ◽

Neuromuscular Blocking Agent ◽

Wide Acceptance ◽

Therapeutic Uses ◽

Onabotulinumtoxin A ◽

Original Application ◽

Cosmetic Medicine

Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox®) is a parasympathetic autonomic blocking agent which acts as an inhibitor of the neuromuscular transmitter acetylcholine release and as a neuromuscular blocking agent, thereby inducing relaxation of selected muscle fibers for a duration of up to approximately 3 months duration. First approved by the FDA in 1989 and approved for further applications since 1991, the drug has now gained wide acceptance in cosmetic and other therapeutic applications, where the autonomic neurotransmitter acetylcholine blockade can bring about favorable cosmetic responses, particularly in the field of dermatology and cosmetic medicine. Since the original application of Onabotulinumtoxin A was approved for clinical use as a cosmetic agent, numerous additional applications have been approved by the FDA, all of which involve acetylcholine-mediated neuromuscular actions.

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Overview of Kybella (Deoxycholic Acid Injection) as a Fat Resorption Product for Submental Fat

Facial Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1688943 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (03) ◽

pp. 274-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Liu ◽

Cameron Chesnut ◽

Gary Lask

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Media ◽

Deoxycholic Acid ◽

The United States ◽

Invasive Procedures ◽

Facial Image ◽

Neck Lift ◽

Submental Fat ◽

Cosmetic Medicine ◽

Minimally Invasive Methods

AbstractThere has been an increasing interest in addressing the issue of submental fat (SMF) when it comes to cosmetic medicine. With the rise of social media, video calls, and the now almost omnipresent accessibility of cameras, there is perhaps now more than ever an emphasis on the facial image. Although invasive procedures such as liposuction and neck lift still play a significant role in reducing SMF, the trend toward minimally invasive methods has finally given rise to a single Food and Drug Administration-approved injectable that is both safe and effective: ATX-101, also known as Kybella in the United States.

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