English Aspiration and Flapping Revisited

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Picard
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metrical Analysis ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Phonological Rules

In Kahn (1976), one finds a syllable-based reanalysis of certain well-known phonological rules of English. Prominent among these are aspiration and flapping. Given that the belated recognition of the syllable by generative phonologists has generally yielded very interesting and positive results, this reinterpretation of the facts must be seen as a welcome development in that respect.On the other hand, however, Kahn’s decision to base his syllable-oriented generalizations on the concept of ambisyllabicity must be seriously questioned since the phonological evidence for such a phenomenon is so tenuous, and also because this concept is virtually unfalsifiable as it is not known to have any physical-acoustic or articulatory-correlates whatsoever.Also, over and above Kahn’s recourse to such an unsubstantiated mechanism, there is the additional problem that the two rules he proposes simply do not correctly account for all the data. A later attempt by Kiparsky (1979) to replace Kahn’s ambisyllabic treatment of these two rules by a metrical analysis involving the foot runs into exactly the same kind of trouble.

Civil responsibility in air transport: a perspective after the uptodate Rome 1952 international treaty

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Artur Antonio Da Rocha ◽  
Antonio Henriques De Araujo Junior
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Civil Responsibility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Partial Damage

This paper analyzes the civil responsibility of air transport carriers in accordance with the “Unification Convention Rules for International Air Transportation”. The matter of civil responsibility is a complicated and conflicting theme for analysis due to the difficulty even greater to the additional problem of having to define responsibilities when a disaster of great proportions takes place. Contrary to other modes of transportation, in the case of air transport there is rarely partial damage (when an accident occurs), therefore it is important to remember that in an aeronautical accident, the damages (or sinister) are not partial, they are total. On the other hand, should be considered that the airline industry is global, in which parts of a whole can come from distant countries involving partners from different countries with different realities and legal liability. The existence of joint responsibility of partners involved in the airline industry is what is meant to identify with this article.

Estimation of Aflatoxin in Corn by “Dockage” Assay

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Johnson ◽  
Walter T Greenaway ◽  
William P Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract A method of analyzing corn for aflatoxin was developed by assaying only the broken corn, foreign material, and chaff (dockage). Only 1 out of 21 commercial ground corn samples to which corn containing aflatoxin was added gave positive results for aflatoxin. On the other hand, all “Dockage” portions sieved from these same samples gave positive results. The procedure consists of streaking corn extracts on preparative coated sheets for cleanup, separation, and identification. If quantitative results are desired, fluorescent areas are collected and spotted on TLC plates for identification under UV light.

scholarly journals Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Yash Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Morphology Analysis ◽  
Adjectival Inflection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection.  I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.

Disambiguation of Ditropic Sentences

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Van Lancker ◽  
Gerald J. Canter ◽  
Dale Terbeek
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Pitch Contours ◽  
Idiomatic Meaning ◽  
Phonological Rules

In a previous study, we demonstrated that listeners were highly successful in identifying the intended meaning of spoken ditropic sentences (those which may carry either a literal or an idiomatic meaning) when speakers were instructed to convey the distinction. The present communication reports on acoustic and phonetic analyses carried out with the goal of identifying cues that distinguished the literal and idiomatic utterances. Certain prosodic differences were observed. Literal utterances were systematically longer than idioms. This was partly due to increased use of pauses, as well as to increased duration of major lexical items. Moreover, literal sentences were typically characterized by greater numbers of pitch contours (discernible rise-fall excursions of fundamental frequency) and open junctures than were idiomatic utterances. In addition to suprasegmental contrasts, articulatory distinctions—corresponding to lento-allegro phonological rules—were also observed. These distinctions directly reflect the structural differences intrinsic to the two types of utterances. A literal sentence is formulated by the organization of constituent words and phrases. Idioms, on the other hand, are holistic units, largely nontransparent to syntactic structure or the usual meaning of the lexical members.

Immunity in trypanosomiasis

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Soltys
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Better Than

Success in immunizing rabbits, rats and sheep with dead trypanosomes depends on the method of killing trypanosomes, the frequency of inoculations, and the strain used for immunization. Positive results were obtained when trypanosomes were killed by formalin or by freezing and thawing five times. Negative results were obtained when trypanosomes were killed by 56° C. for half an hour.Animals which received 10 doses of the mixture produced better results than those which received the same amount but only in 2 doses. An addition of Freund's adjuvant improved results, but 10 doses without an adjuvant were still better than 2 doses with an adjuvant. When trypanosomes were killed by 0·5% formalin, only an M variant of T. brucei, which was maintained by frequent passage in mice and was an antibody-sensitive variant, was able to produce in animals protective antibodies and resistance to a homologous ‘M’ variant, but not to an ‘R’ variant. On the other hand, if an ‘R’ variant of the same strain, which was passaged forty-eight times through rabbits and became resistant to antibodies, was killed by 0·5 % formalin and inoculated into animals, no antibodies and resistance could be demonstrated to a homologous ‘R’ variant and an ‘M’ variant.Although it is possible to produce immunity in animals with dead trypanosomes further studies, particularly in the field, are necessary to find its practical application.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Campylobacter on carcasses of slaughtered animals between 2009 and 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Wieczorek ◽  
Jacek Osek
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract A total of 2668 swabs from poultry (n = 2166), pig (n = 311), and cattle (n = 191) carcasses were collected in slaughterhouses all over Poland and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. It was found that 1319 (49.4%) of them were contaminated with these bacteria. The percentages of the positive samples were different in each year of the study and the highest proportion of Campylobacter contaminated samples occurred in 2009, when 64.1% of investigated carcasses were positive. On the other hand, the lowest prevalence of Campylobacter was observed in 2013, in the last year of the survey. In all kind of carcass samples both C. jejuni and C. coli were identified, although the pork meat was more contaminated with C. coli (75.3% of positive samples) than with C. jejuni (24.7%), whereas poultry was nearly equally positive for C. jejuni and C. coli (50.6% and 49.4% respectively). The analysis of seasonal contamination of the carcasses revealed that more positive results were found during the second half of year than between January and June. The prevalence of Campylobacter showed that in all provinces, except one (Pomorskie), the mean percentage of the positive samples was above 40%. The most contaminated samples were identified in Lubelskie (69.3%) and Zachodniopomorskie (66.3%) regions. The obtained results showed that slaughtered animals in Poland, especially broilers, were often contaminated with Campylobacter, either C. jejuni or C. coli.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE FILTRABILITY OF BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Olitsky ◽  
R. E. Knutti ◽  
J. R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Experimental Disease

The evidence hitherto reported concerning the filtration of trachomatous material, and inoculation of man and monkeys with the filtrates points to the conclusion that the incitant of trachoma is not, as a rule, filtrable. Our findings confirm this view and indicate further that no virus causing the disease is adsorbed to Bacterium granulosis. On the other hand, Bacterium granulosis itself in heavy suspensions is irregularly filtrable through Berkefeld V candles, like some other bacteria (14), but it is present in the filtrates in only small numbers. When suspensions were used of trachomatous human and monkey tissues, which contain much fewer organisms than do actual cultures, Bacterium granulosis was never recovered from the filtrates. The conception that trachoma is a disease caused by an ultramicroscopic virus is based on (a) the positive results of filtration in two animals, as reported by Nicolle and his coworkers, and (b) the presence of so called "inclusion bodies" in some of the cells of the lesions. One can state definitely that the evidence is now greatly against the filtrability of the etiological agent of trachoma. Furthermore, filtrability does not in itself suffice for the classification of an agent as an ultramicroscopic virus. Concerning (b), a vast literature has accumulated which indicates that the "inclusion bodies" of trachoma are not specific for the disease and that the bodies themselves may be bacterial in origin (15). We have not as yet found bodies of the kind characteristic of many filtrable viruses in the tissues of man or of monkeys with the experimental disease.

Cases of Hysteria, with Paralysis, treated by Metallotherapy

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (113) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Franz Müller
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Positive Results

In order to avoid these sources of error, the experiments on the patient were always performed with bandaged eyes, and nothing was said having reference to metalloscopy; on the other hand, I always endeavoured by test-experiments to confirm the positive results obtained. I will now quote the most important of the experiments.

scholarly journals Apparent mitogenetic inactivity of active cells

1933 ◽  
Vol 114 (786) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Activity ◽  
High State ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Positive Results

The emission of mitogenetic rays has been reported from a great variety of cells and tissues but the most powerful source appears to be material which is in a high state of mitotic, metabolic, nervous or mechanical activity (Gurwitsch, 1932). A cursor survey of the literature shows that there is no general agreement concerning the reality of the phenomenon. In most cases, neither the source of the rays nor the means adopted for their detection has been defined with sufficient accuracy to permit consistent results to lie obtained by independent workers. To some extent this difficulty has been met by using photo-electric cells as a means of detecting the rays. Using a potassium cell, Schrieber and Friedlich (1930) failed to detect any radiation know yeast cultures. Seyfert (1932) using a cell of the counter type failed to find any emission of rays from onion roots, yeast cultures, and embryonic tissues. Frank and Rodionov (1932) on the other hand, obtained positive results from active preparations of the frog's sartorius and heart.

scholarly journals ON THE PRESENCE OF THE TYPHOID BACILLUS IN THE URINE

1898 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wyman Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Typhoid Bacillus ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Antiseptic Solutions

(1) Typhoid bacilli were demonstrated in the urines of 9 out of 38 typhoid patients (about 25 per cent). 172 specimens were examined with 44 positive results. (2) The bacilli, when demonstrated, were always present in large numbers and in practically pure culture. (3) The bacilli appeared first in the later stages of the disease and persisted in the great majority of cases far into convalescence. The urines of typhoid patients should, therefore, not only be rigidly disinfected during the disease, but they should also be carefully supervised during convalescence. (4) The typhoid bacilli were practically always associated with albuminuria and the presence of renal casts. On the other hand urines containing considerable amounts of albumin and casts in large numbers often showed no typhoid bacilli. (5) Irrigation of the bladder with antiseptic solutions offers a possible means for removing permanently the bacilli from the urine.

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