Disambiguation of Ditropic Sentences

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Van Lancker ◽  
Gerald J. Canter ◽  
Dale Terbeek
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Pitch Contours ◽  
Idiomatic Meaning ◽  
Phonological Rules

In a previous study, we demonstrated that listeners were highly successful in identifying the intended meaning of spoken ditropic sentences (those which may carry either a literal or an idiomatic meaning) when speakers were instructed to convey the distinction. The present communication reports on acoustic and phonetic analyses carried out with the goal of identifying cues that distinguished the literal and idiomatic utterances. Certain prosodic differences were observed. Literal utterances were systematically longer than idioms. This was partly due to increased use of pauses, as well as to increased duration of major lexical items. Moreover, literal sentences were typically characterized by greater numbers of pitch contours (discernible rise-fall excursions of fundamental frequency) and open junctures than were idiomatic utterances. In addition to suprasegmental contrasts, articulatory distinctions—corresponding to lento-allegro phonological rules—were also observed. These distinctions directly reflect the structural differences intrinsic to the two types of utterances. A literal sentence is formulated by the organization of constituent words and phrases. Idioms, on the other hand, are holistic units, largely nontransparent to syntactic structure or the usual meaning of the lexical members.

Semantic and pragmatic effectsof negative markers

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-103
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alqassas
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clausal Structure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Negative Statements ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Positions

This chapter focuses on the semantic and pragmatic effects associated with the various positions of negation. Particularly, presuppositional readings for negative statements follow from different structural positions of negation (higher in the TP) as opposed to the non-presuppositional interpretations associated with the lower NegP below TP. This chapter also analyses contrasts between SA maa on the one hand and laa and its variants on the other hand. These contrasts are related to scope readings, presupposition, mood and speech acts (commissive, directive, volitive, and (ir)realis). I argue that presuppositional negation is a product of the interplay between syntax and pragmatics. Specifically, I propose that presuppositional negative markers are higher in the syntactic structure. They occupy a position above the tense phrase in the clausal structure, namely NegP above TP (cf. Zanuttini 1997 for similar effects in various Romance). Pragmatically marked negation includes presuppositional negation, categorical negation and cleft-negation. The former two are in a NegP above TP, while the latter is in CP.

Syntactic structures of Mandarin purposives

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-126
Author(s):  
Wei-wen Roger Liao ◽  
Tzong-hong Jonah Lin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper investigates three constructions in Mandarin, all of which convey a purposive/teleological meaning, including the lai purposive, the hao purposive, and the bare purposive. Despite the fact that each type of purposive clause in Mandarin occurs at the right edge of a sentence, it is argued that none of the purposive clause is a genuine right adjunct in the underlying syntactic structure. On the other hand, our analysis shows that the lai purposive employs complementation of a secondary predicate, the hao purposive involves conjunction of two clauses, and the bare purposive should be analyzed as left adjunction that is stranded in the right edge after verb movement. The evidence for our analysis is drawn from subject and object gaps, the ba-construction in Mandarin, agentivity, and linear ordering of multiple purposive clauses. This work thus demonstrates representative cases where a structure that appears to involve right adjunction may in fact employ no right adjunction at all. The conclusion is thus consistent with the prediction of Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA).

English Aspiration and Flapping Revisited

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Picard
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metrical Analysis ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Phonological Rules

In Kahn (1976), one finds a syllable-based reanalysis of certain well-known phonological rules of English. Prominent among these are aspiration and flapping. Given that the belated recognition of the syllable by generative phonologists has generally yielded very interesting and positive results, this reinterpretation of the facts must be seen as a welcome development in that respect.On the other hand, however, Kahn’s decision to base his syllable-oriented generalizations on the concept of ambisyllabicity must be seriously questioned since the phonological evidence for such a phenomenon is so tenuous, and also because this concept is virtually unfalsifiable as it is not known to have any physical-acoustic or articulatory-correlates whatsoever.Also, over and above Kahn’s recourse to such an unsubstantiated mechanism, there is the additional problem that the two rules he proposes simply do not correctly account for all the data. A later attempt by Kiparsky (1979) to replace Kahn’s ambisyllabic treatment of these two rules by a metrical analysis involving the foot runs into exactly the same kind of trouble.

scholarly journals Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Yash Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Morphology Analysis ◽  
Adjectival Inflection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection.  I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.

STRUCTURAL AND TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE AVAR LANGUAGE SENTENCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Zulaikhat Magomedovna Mallaeva
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Logical Content ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between the semantics of a sentence and its grammatical structure. The complexity of the research is due to the following factors: 1) the lack of own research methods for the grammat-ical structure of the sentence; 2) the absence of more or less fully explicated concepts and terms for the study of the semantics of the sentence. In the Dagestan languages of the ergative typology, such structural types of sentences are presented, which differ both in terms of content and in terms of grammatical design of this content. The peculiarities of the syntactic structure of the language of the Dagestan languages cannot be investigated without establishing the regular connections that exist between the structural types of the sentence and the logical content of the sentence, on the one hand, and between the semantics of the sentence and a special grammatical form of representation of this content, on the other hand.

scholarly journals L’identification des arguments et la hiérarchisation des marges : critères formels et critères conceptuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michele Prandi
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relevance Criteria ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Conceptual Relations ◽  
The Difference

The distinction between arguments and margins within a simple nuclear sentence is sharp at conceptual level in that it is grounded in explicit relevance criteria: arguments are saturated referential noun phrases that are essential for the integrity of the process; different layers of margins enrich different kinds of processes according to different consistency requirements. If one observes the syntactic structure of linguistic expressions, on the other hand, the same distinction seems to shade into a sort of continuum owing to two orders of factors. First, there is a cleavage between the model sentence, whose main function should be the expression of the process, and the utterances actually documented in texts and corpora, whose structure is shaped by the incommensurate function to adapt the structure of the process to the communicative dynamism of a text. Moreover, within the model sentence itself, the coding regime of arguments and the coding regime of margins shadow into one another: some margins are coded, like arguments, through formal grammatical relations, while some arguments are coded, like margins, directly as conceptual relations through a set of forms of expression motivated by their conceptual content.In spite of these obstacles, the conceptual distinction between arguments and margins and the hierarchy of margins can be identified at the level of model sentence thanks to adequate and differentiated criteria. These criteria are formal where the difference of coding regime draws a sharp formal distinction between arguments and margins, and conceptual and textual where the structure of the forms of expression neutralises the distinction. Conceptual and textual criteria also make the identification of a clear hierarchy of margins possible.

scholarly journals Why is L1 not easy to hear?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Shinobu Mizuguchi ◽  
Koichi Tateishi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pitch Contours ◽  
Fmri Experiment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

We naively believe that L1 is easier to hear than L2. Generally, this belief is correct, but not always. Japanese contrastive focus is more challenging to identify than English focus even for L1 speakers.  To account for why Japanese is hard to perceive, we first conducted production and perception experiments, to understand linguistic mechanisms.  We found that Japanese lacks a part of focus effects and is an acoustically weak language contra previous studies. English, on the other hand, is an acoustically strong language and uses the F0 feature as a focus cue. We then conducted an fMRI experiment to see whether or not linguistic mechanisms for them are implemented in the brain. We found that we employ different neural networks to process English and Japanese; the right dorsolateral frontal cortex is activated to process Japanese CF, but not English CF. Japanese is a pitch language and requires processing both lexical accents and pitch contours. English, on the other hand, needs to process lexical accent only, and it activates left superior temporal gyrus, insular, and supramargical regions, but not right dorsolateral frontal cortex. We conclude that processing burdens lead to perception difficulty, even for L1 Japanese speakers.

scholarly journals TV newsreader´s voice

Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Rodero-Antón ◽  
Gloria Campos-Parra
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hearing Level ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Television Use ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Television Communication

The effectiveness on the television communication is sustained in the handling of the voice like support of fundamental expression of the audio-visual contents. Therefore, of a correct and expressive use of the voice it is going to depend that, first, the viewer pays attention to the televising message and that, secondly, understands and assimilates it. On the other hand, due to the great social impact which they have the contents in television, a good use of the expressive resources of the voice on the part of the newsreaders will have its reflection in the own daily expression of the viewer. This requirement in the care of the expression is more indispensable in the properly news contents, since they concentrate stops hearing level and because they demand of the viewers more attention than any message of absolut entertainment. These reasons guarantee the necessity to make an empirical investigation on the form in which the news newsreaders in television use the voice. Therefore, the present communication is based on the results of a study whose objective looks for to determine the form in the main newsreaders on television use their voice to transmit their messages. La eficacia de la comunicación televisiva se sustenta en buena parte en el manejo de la voz como soporte de expresión fundamental de los contenidos audiovisuales. En consecuencia, de un uso correcto y expresivo de la voz va a depender el que, primero, el telespectador preste atención al mensaje televisivo y que, en segundo lugar, lo comprenda y asimile. Por otro lado, debido al gran impacto social que tienen los contenidos en televisión, un buen uso de los recursos expresivos de la voz por parte del presentador tendrá su reflejo en la propia expresión diaria del telespectador. Esta exigencia en el cuidado de la expresión es más exigible si cabe en los contenidos propiamente informativos, puesto que concentran altos índices de audiencia y porque reclaman de los telespectadores más atención que cualquier mensaje de puro entretenimiento. Estas razones son las que avalan la necesidad de realizar una investigación empírica sobre la forma en que los presentadores de informativos en televisión utilizan la voz. Por tanto, la presente comunicación se basa en los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo busca determinar la forma en que los presentadores principales de informativos en televisión utilizan su voz para transmitir sus mensajes.

Leonhard's Classification of Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 943-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Fish
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Preparatory Work

Jaspers (1946) has pointed out that in the history of psychiatry one can distinguish two main types of psychiatrist. On the one hand there is the describer who depicts a lively clear clinical picture and communicates it to the reader in everyday speech. On the other hand there is the analyst who dissects the clinical picture and tries to obtain clear concepts about the abnormal phenomena. The describer is always popular because little effort is required to understand his views and appreciate his clinical descriptions. However it is much more difficult to understand the analyst as this requires time-consuming preparatory work and an attempt to apply the analyst's views in practice. Thus anyone who wishes to understand the views of Kleist and Leonhard, who are the modern representatives of the great clinical analyst Carl Wernicke, has a difficult task. If therefore this present communication appears to disagree with other work recently published by the author (Fish, 1957b, 1958) then all that can be said in extenuation is that the analysis of clinical pictures is difficult and one can only achieve accuracy in this field by learning from mistakes.

scholarly journals Types of Syntactic Equivalence in the Qurʼānic Translations

Hikma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-116
Author(s):  
Yehudit Dror
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Syntactic Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Apparent Reason

 AbstractThe fundamental premise here is that linguistic equivalence at the microstructural level is not usually expected because languages are linguistically and semantically incongruous. Though this premise is basically correct the starting point of this article is that syntactic equivalence is possible and the translation process can involve a matching at the syntactic level even when some components or structures seems untranslatable. However, certain additional factors might affect the translator's choice. This article shows that the choices made by the Qurʼān's translators can usually be justified. On the other hand some inaccuracies arise from insufficient syntactic knowledge or sometimes the translator retains minimal similarity to the SL for no apparent reason. This may lead to misinterpretation of the intended meaning of the SL.

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