Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. FARAONE ◽  
J. BIEDERMAN ◽  
J. G. JETTON ◽  
M. T. TSUANG
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Study Methodology

Background. An obstacle to the successful classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses; and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.

Separation of DSM-III attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: evidence from a family-genetic study of American child psychiatric patients

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Joseph Biederman ◽  
Kate Keenan ◽  
Ming T. Tsuang
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Morbidity Risk ◽  
Normal Controls

SYNOPSISUsing family study methodology and assessments by blind raters, this study tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between DSM-III attention deficit disorder (ADD) and antisocial disorders (childhood conduct (CD) and oppositional disorder (OPD) and adult antisocial personality disorder) among 457 first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADD (73 probands, 264 relatives), psychiatric (26 probands, 101 relatives) and normal controls (26 probands, 92 relatives). Among the 73 ADD probands, 33 (45 %) met criteria for OPD, 24 (33 %) met criteria for CD, and 16 (22 %) had no antisocial diagnosis. After stratifying the ADD sample into those with CD (ADD + CD), those with OPD (ADD + OPD) and those with neither (ADD) familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADD probands subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADD than relatives of both psychiatric and normal controls; (2) the morbidity risk for ADD was highest among relatives of ADD + CD probands (38%), moderate among relatives of ADD + OPD (17%) and ADD probands (24%) and lowest among relatives of psychiatric and normal controls (5% for both); (3) the risk for any antisocial disorder was highest among relatives of ADD + CD (34%) and ADD + OPD (24%) which were significantly greater than the risk to relatives of ADD probands (11 %), psychiatric (7%) and normal controls (4%); and (4) both ADD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone. Although these findings suggest that ADD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders, they are also consistent with a multifactorial hypothesis in which ADD, ADD + OPD and ADD + CD fall along a continuum of increasing levels of familial aetiological factors and, correspondingly, severity of illness.

Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. NADDER ◽  
M. RUTTER ◽  
J. L. SILBERG ◽  
H. H. MAES ◽  
L. J. EAVES
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Multiple Informants ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity

Background. Previous studies have shown that the presence of conduct disorder may contribute to the persistence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology into adolescence; however, the aetiological relationship between the two phenotypes remains undetermined. Furthermore, studies utilizing multiple informants have indicated that teacher ratings of these phenotypes are more valid than maternal reports.Methods. The genetic structure underlying the persistence of ADHD and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies as rated by mothers and teachers at two occasions of measurement was investigated on a sample of 494 male and 603 female same sex adolescent twin pairs participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD).Results. Using structural modelling techniques, one common genetic factor was shown to govern the covariation between the phenotypes across informants and occasion of measurement with additional genetic factors specific to ODD/CD symptomatology and persistence of symptomatology at reassessment. Genetic structures underlying the phenotypes were, to some extent, informant dependent.Conclusions. The findings indicate that it is unlikely that the co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD is due to environmental influences that are independent of ADHD. Rather it is likely to be due to a shared genetic liability either operating directly, or indirectly through gene–environment correlations or interactions. The covariation between phenotypes across informants and time is governed by a common set of genes, but it seems that ODD/CD is also influenced by additional genetic factors. Developmentally, different forms of genetic liability control ADHD in males and inattention in females.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Croarkin ◽  
Reem Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Mood Dysregulation

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder classified in the DSM-5 among disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorder. The core features of ODD include a pervasive and impairing pattern of anger, irritability, inflexibility, defiance, malevolence, and aggression. Symptoms of ODD typically present during preschool. ODD can be a harbinger of conduct disorder. Isolated, transient symptoms of ODD are normal during development. Mood disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders are important considerations in differential diagnosis. However, ODD frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric diagnoses. Complex interactions with temperamental emotional dysregulation, family stress, early life stress, inconsistent parenting, and genetic and physiologic factors likely underlie the risk, pathophysiology, and prognosis of ODD. Unfortunately, these interactions and the neurobiological underpinnings of ODD are still poorly characterized. Although first-line treatments for ODD involve behavioral and psychosocial interventions, a thoughtful consideration of pharmacotherapy for co-occurring disorders and severe symptoms is an important component of treatment planning. Herein we review the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment planning of ODD. Recent applicable controversies such as dimensional conceptualization of psychiatric disorders and the potential intersection of ODD and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are also summarized.  This review contains 5 figures, 4 tables, and 44 references. Key words: aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, defiance, disruptive behaviors, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, DSM-5, irritability, oppositional defiant disorder, parent management training

scholarly journals Atomoxetine in the Treatment of the Most Common Comorbid Disorders of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Anxiety Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
E. Snircova ◽  
T. Kulhan ◽  
G. Nosalova ◽  
I. Ondrejka
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood or adolescence is associated with a significantly higher lifetime risk of oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, among others. Reports of co-morbidity rates are variable and influenced by assesment methodology and refferal bias, and may reflect lifetime rates within clinical groups. Up-to date studies revealed that as many as 85% of patients with ADHD have at least one psychiatric comorbidity and approximately 60% have at least two. Research and clinical practice has shown that having multiple co-existing psychiatric problems increase the severity of ADHD and behavioural problems, and is associated with incereased psychosocial impairment. The high rate of psychiatric problems co-occuring with ADHD has strong implications for the management of these patients. The presence of co-existing psychiatric conditions may moderate the response to treatment of ADHD and ADHD treatments may adversely affect and exacerbate the symptoms of the co-morbit condition. The aim of this article was to summarize the use of atomoxetine in the most frequent co-morbid disorders accompaining ADHD, ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) and anxiety, and to emphazise decrease of co-morbid symptoms with treatment of atomoxetine what exhort us to think about them as about possible subtypes of ADHD.

Language Disabilities of Antisocial Boys in Residential Treatment

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genese Warr-Leeper ◽  
Nancy A. Wright ◽  
Alison Mack
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Residential Treatment ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Language Impairments ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Language Disabilities ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

This article describes the language abilities of 20 boys aged 10 to 13 1/2 years who were admitted to residential treatment because of their significant and persistent antisocial behavior. Primary DSM-III-R diagnoses included oppositional/defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Of these boys, 80% carried the additional diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The majority of subjects were found to have significant language impairments that had not been identified when they entered residential treatment. Implications of the present findings for assessment and treatment are outlined.

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