Corporate Decision-Making for Arts Sponsorship

<p><b>Sponsorship is a crucial revenue stream for many non-profit arts organisations. At the same time businesses appear to be viewing sponsorship and philanthropy as an ever more strategic activity, yet little is known about the actual decision-making processes these companies undergo in considering arts sponsorships.</b></p> <p>Examination of sponsorship and philanthropy literature revealed that an opportunity existed to study these processes in more depth, and the research question was posed: How do companies make decisions when considering arts sponsorship? Literature from Organisational Buying Behaviour and Decision-making provided lenses by which these processes could be viewed, and a subsequent framework was developed to inform the research.</p> <p>Multiple cases of positive arts sponsorship decisions from within New Zealand were examined. Responses from 24 in-depth interviews resulted in the identification of ten cases for which information was gathered from multiple informants on both sides of the relationship. In addition, ten interviews were categorised as “experts” on the topic of arts sponsorship more generally, and used as a secondary source of data. Within and between case analyses was combined with comparison of expert responses to yield initial results. Taking a theory-building approach, iteration between results, literature and theory served to develop the final findings.</p> <p>This study revealed a number of key themes which characterise these decisions. Firstly, the expectations and perceptions of society, concerning sponsorship, influence stakeholders, companies and individual managers, and subsequently influence these decisions. Secondly, a co-existence of both commercial and philanthropic goals was found within decisions, suggesting that such decisions are not always categorized into one particular area. Thirdly, a key influential role was identified in these decisions as that of an advocate, being a manager who sees the benefit of the sponsorship and essentially makes it happen within the organisation. Fourthly, it was found that these decisions rely on and are influenced in part by individual intuition, based on personal and professional experience, and serving to pave the way for a type of informedhappenstance, necessary for the decisions to progress. While three decision paths were noted in this study, a general decision process was proposed which would vary based on many of the characteristics above.</p> <p>Overall, this study has contributed to sponsorship and philanthropy literature in revealing arts sponsorship decisions to be complex, with managers influenced by expectations and perceptions of society, commercial and philanthropic goals, individual and company frames, and intuitive and economic justifications. In conclusion, propositions and suggestions for future research are proposed, along with implications for managers in both arts organisations and sponsoring businesses.</p>

Corporate Decision-Making for Arts Sponsorship

<p><b>Sponsorship is a crucial revenue stream for many non-profit arts organisations. At the same time businesses appear to be viewing sponsorship and philanthropy as an ever more strategic activity, yet little is known about the actual decision-making processes these companies undergo in considering arts sponsorships.</b></p> <p>Examination of sponsorship and philanthropy literature revealed that an opportunity existed to study these processes in more depth, and the research question was posed: How do companies make decisions when considering arts sponsorship? Literature from Organisational Buying Behaviour and Decision-making provided lenses by which these processes could be viewed, and a subsequent framework was developed to inform the research.</p> <p>Multiple cases of positive arts sponsorship decisions from within New Zealand were examined. Responses from 24 in-depth interviews resulted in the identification of ten cases for which information was gathered from multiple informants on both sides of the relationship. In addition, ten interviews were categorised as “experts” on the topic of arts sponsorship more generally, and used as a secondary source of data. Within and between case analyses was combined with comparison of expert responses to yield initial results. Taking a theory-building approach, iteration between results, literature and theory served to develop the final findings.</p> <p>This study revealed a number of key themes which characterise these decisions. Firstly, the expectations and perceptions of society, concerning sponsorship, influence stakeholders, companies and individual managers, and subsequently influence these decisions. Secondly, a co-existence of both commercial and philanthropic goals was found within decisions, suggesting that such decisions are not always categorized into one particular area. Thirdly, a key influential role was identified in these decisions as that of an advocate, being a manager who sees the benefit of the sponsorship and essentially makes it happen within the organisation. Fourthly, it was found that these decisions rely on and are influenced in part by individual intuition, based on personal and professional experience, and serving to pave the way for a type of informedhappenstance, necessary for the decisions to progress. While three decision paths were noted in this study, a general decision process was proposed which would vary based on many of the characteristics above.</p> <p>Overall, this study has contributed to sponsorship and philanthropy literature in revealing arts sponsorship decisions to be complex, with managers influenced by expectations and perceptions of society, commercial and philanthropic goals, individual and company frames, and intuitive and economic justifications. In conclusion, propositions and suggestions for future research are proposed, along with implications for managers in both arts organisations and sponsoring businesses.</p>

Effects of inter- and intra-organizational learning activities on SME innovation: the moderating role of environmental dynamism

Purpose This study aims to investigate how the inter-organizational learning (inter-OL) of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) promote intra-organizational learnings (intra-OL) and how inter- and intra-OL jointly promote organizational innovation in the Korean electronics industry. This study also examines the moderating effect of organizational dynamism. Design/methodology/approach A unique theoretical model shows how inter-OL promotes organizational innovation through intra-OL, knowledge flows and stocks. Data was collected from 201 SMEs in the Korean electronics industry and analyzed by structural equation modeling. Findings The findings show that inter-OL directly and indirectly influences innovation. Inter-OL promotes both knowledge flows and stocks, but the only feedforward flows influence innovation through knowledge stocks while feedback flows directly influence innovation. Additionally, the study finds an indirect effect of inter-OL on knowledge stocks and a strong direct effect on innovation when dynamism is high. Intra-OL activities fully mediate between inter-OL and innovation when dynamism is low. Research limitations/implications This study uses single informants to measure all constructs. Future studies should use multiple informants. Practical implications This study shows that OL in SMEs is shaped by internal processes and external collaborations. Maintaining a connection with various external knowledge sources and creating collaborative opportunities to share learning experiences is critical to innovation. Originality/value This study is the first to empirically examine the relationship between inter- and intra-OL activities within a conceptual framework. The study provides a strategic view of how to facilitate OL activities considering the degree of organizational dynamism.

Sports Settings in Management Research

In recent years, scholars have increasingly engaged with the use of sports settings to advance management theory. This stream of literature departs from the ‘Sport Management’ conversation, as it aims to move beyond the appreciation of the mere empirical sport phenomenon to advance a theoretical contribution with broader generalizability to other settings. The purpose of this bibliography is to present an organized overview of some of the relevant empirical works which can act as guides to scholars interested in conducting management research using sports data. Sports settings are becoming increasingly popular among management scholars due to the large availability of fine-grained data, well-defined performance metrics, and transparency of changes in strategies and processes. Also, sports settings are considered to be relatively controlled environments, which resemble laboratory conditions. These factors make sports data particularly suitable for quantitative studies, which have been so far more common than qualitative ones. Yet sports data can also ideally suit qualitative research. For example, sporting events are incredibly well documented and often collect multiple informants’ interviews impromptu, thus making them excellent settings for archival, historical, and in-depth case studies. This bibliography aims to provide readers with selected examples of both excellent quantitative and qualitative studies in different sports settings. The first section of the bibliography presents some past literature reviews on how sports data has been used in management research and some suggestions on future research topics in sports settings. Following this, the bibliography summarizes the sports settings which are most popular in management research. We show that especially the various US major league sports (baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey) have been prominent settings for management research. In addition to US major sports, other popular sports settings included in this bibliography are soccer, motorsports, national sports organizations (NSOs) and the Olympics. The bibliography also includes a section on the less common sports that have been used in previous research and a section on studies examining other actors in sports than players and managers.

Sampling in Management Studies of Public Organizations: Elite Orientation Model vs. Multiple Informants Model

The selection of the sample in a survey constitutes a significant parameter for the research process. A disagreement of opinions is observed in the field of management between researchers regarding which sample fabricates better results in surveys administered in public organizations. Some of them support that only the senior levels of the management hierarchy should participate in (Elite Orientation Model), while others support the participation of representatives from all levels (Multiple Informants Model). A questionnaire was administered to people from the three levels of Hellenic Sport Federations (HSFs) management hierarchy (employees, directors/managers, Board members) in order to investigate their perception about the degree to which excellence processes (enablers / results) were implemented. The purpose of this paper was to investigate which is the most appropriate model, regarding the selection of participants in studies about the administration /management of public organizations. Statistically significant differences regarding their perceptions for the topic under investigation were revealed, which were directly related to their level in the hierarchy. It was concluded that in similar studies the Multiple Informants Model fabricates more reliable results. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01272 Full Text: PDF

Inter-Parental Agreement and Discrepancy on ADHD Core Symptoms and Externalizing Problems Among School-Age Children with ADHD

Objectives: Inter-parental correspondence and discrepancy of childrenchr('39')s core symptoms and related externalizing problems in ADHD school-age children have clinical implications in the diagnosis of ADHD. This study aimed to examine mother–father agreement and discrepancy on ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, behavior problems, and emotion dysregulation in their offspring. Methods: Parents separately assessed 51 ADHD children aged 6 to 10 years using the SNAP-IV rating scale, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, and Emotion Regulation Checklist. Results: Parents had a moderate agreement on all scales/subscales except on emotion dysregulation which was in the range of fair agreement. Mothers rated higher than fathers in all areas except inattention. Motherchr('39')s parenting stress and parental education level could predict parental discrepancy. Conclusions: Mother-father discrepancy is clinically significant and clinicians should take it to account when interpreting results of rating scales in ADHD children. multiple informants are suggested in using rating scales in ADHD assessment.

The Interplay of Parental Response to Anger, Adolescent Anger Regulation, and Externalizing and Internalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Study

Numerous studies have reported substantive correlations between anger socialization, children’s anger regulation, and internalizing/externalizing problems. However, substantially less is known about the interplay among these constructs during the developmental stage of adolescence, and longitudinal studies on causal relations (i.e., parent-directed, adolescent-directed, or reciprocal effects) are rare. It is also unclear whether the development of internalizing and externalizing problems have similar causal relations. We collected three waves of longitudinal data (Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 9) from multiple informants. A sample of N = 634 adolescents (mostly 11–12 years at Time 1; 50.6% male) and their parents (predominantly Caucasian with German nationality) completed questionnaires assessing parents’ responses to anger, adolescents’ anger regulation, and adolescents’ internalizing/externalizing problems at each wave. Comparisons of different cross-lagged models revealed reciprocal rather than unidirectional effects. However, we found more parent-directed effects with respect to the development of internalizing problems, whereas relations regarding externalizing problems were more adolescent-directed, i.e., adolescents’ externalizing problems and their anger regulation predicted changes in their parents’ responses to anger across time. Adolescent anger regulation was an important maintaining factor of parents’ responses to anger in later adolescence. Our findings suggest that assumptions regarding bidirectional relations should be emphasized much more in emotion socialization frameworks, particularly for the period of adolescence. Moreover, our study emphasizes the transdiagnostic importance of parents’ responses to anger for both externalizing and internalizing problems and also suggests different underlying mechanisms.

What teachers and parents can add to personality ratings of children: Unique associations with academic performance in elementary school

Adults’ ratings of children’s personality have been found to be more closely associated with academic performance than children’s self-reports. However, less is known about the relevance of the unique perspectives held by specific adult observers such as teachers and parents for explaining variance in academic performance. In this study, we applied bifactor (S–1) models for 1411 elementary school children to investigate the relative merits of teacher and parent ratings of children’s personalities for academic performance above and beyond the children’s self-reports. We examined these associations using standardized achievement test scores in addition to grades. We found that teachers’ unique views on children’s openness and conscientiousness had the strongest associations with academic performance. Parents’ unique views on children’s neuroticism showed incremental associations above teacher ratings or self-reports. For extraversion and agreeableness, however, children’s self-reports were more strongly associated with academic performance than teacher or parent ratings. These results highlight the differential value of using multiple informants when explaining academic performance with personality traits.

Combined Approach to Multi-Informant Data Using Latent Factors and Latent Classes: Trifactor Mixture Model

Although collecting data from multiple informants is highly recommended, methods to model the congruence and incongruence between informants are limited. Bauer and colleagues suggested the trifactor model that decomposes the variances into common factor, informant perspective factors, and item-specific factors. This study extends their work to the trifactor mixture model that combines the trifactor model and the mixture model. This combined approach allows researchers to investigate the common and unique perspectives of multiple informants on targets using latent factors and simultaneously take into account potential heterogeneity of targets using latent classes. We demonstrate this model using student self-rated and teacher-rated academic behaviors ( N = 24,094). Model specification and testing procedures are explicated in detail. Methodological and practical issues in conducting the trifactor mixture analysis are discussed.